Forgotten Ally: China's World War II, 1937-1945 (73 page)

7. Wakeman,
Spymaster
, 282–283.

8. On the Stilwell-Chennault conflict, see Hans J. van de Ven,
War and Nationalism in China, 1925–1945
(London, 2003), 36–37.

9. Yu,
OSS in China
, 25; Aldrich,
Intelligence and the War against Japan
, 267. See also Michael Schaller,
The American Crusade in China, 1938–1945
(New York, 1979).

10. Wakeman,
Spymaster
, 316–317.

11. Yu,
OSS in China
, 97.

12. Aldrich,
Intelligence and the War against Japan
, 287, 296.

13. On intelligence issues, see the essays in Hans van de Ven, ed., “Lifting the Veil of Secrecy: Secret Services in China during World War II,”
Intelligence and National Security
16:4 (Winter 2001).

14. Wakeman,
Spymaster
, 291–292.

15. Ibid., 310.

16. Ibid., 294, 299.

17. Brian G. Martin, “Shield of Collaboration: The Wang Jingwei Regime’s Security Service, 1939–1945,”
Intelligence and National Security
16:4 (2001), 95.

18. Martin, “Shield of Collaboration,” 99.

19. Ibid., 101.

20. John Hunter Boyle,
China and Japan at War, 1937–1945: The Politics of Collaboration
(Stanford, CA, 1972), 281–285.

21. ZFHR, January 6, 1943, 690.

22. Brian G. Martin, “Collaboration within Collaboration: Zhou Fohai’s Relations with the Chongqing Government, 1942–1945,”
Twentieth-Century China
34:2 (April 2008), 59, 60.

23. ZFHR, December 1942.

24. Martin, “Collaboration within Collaboration,” 66–67.

25. Martin, “Shield of Collaboration,” 133; 131ff.

26. Boyle,
China and Japan at War
, 285.

27. Lyman P. Van Slyke, “The Chinese Communist Movement during the Sino-Japanese War, 1937–1945,” in Lloyd E. Eastman et al.,
The Nationalist Era in China, 1927–1949
(Cambridge, 1991), 247–249.

28. See, for instance, Feng Chongyi and David Goodman, eds.,
North China at War: The Social Ecology of Revolution, 1937–1945
(Lanham, MD, 2000).

29. David E. Apter, “Discourse as Power: Yan’an and the Chinese Revolution,” in Tony Saich and Hans van de Ven, eds.,
New Perspectives on the Chinese Communist Revolution
(Armonk, NY, 1995).

30. John Byron,
The Claws of the Dragon: Kang Sheng
(New York, 1992), 125.

31. “When I Was in Xia Village,” in Ding Ling,
Miss Sophie’s Diary and Other Stories
, trans. W. J. F. Jenner (Beijing, 1983).

32. Jonathan D. Spence,
The Gate of Heavenly Peace: The Chinese and Their Revolution, 1895–1980
(London, 1981), 330.

33. Spence,
Gate
, 332.

34. Bonnie S. Macdougall,
Mao Zedong’s Talks at the Yan’an Conference on Literature and Art: A Translation of the 1943 Text with Commentary
(Ann Arbor, MI, 1980).

35. “Talks at the Yenan Forum on Literature and Art” (May 1942), MSW, 71–72.

36. Ibid.

37. Lyman P. Van Slyke, “The Chinese Communist Movement during the Sino-Japanese War, 1937–1945,” in Lloyd E. Eastman et al.,
The Nationalist Era in China, 1927–1949
(Cambridge, 1991), 251–252.

38. Byron,
Claws
, 172–179.

39. Ibid., 179–180.

40. Zhu Hongzhao,
Yan’an richang shenghuo zhong de lishi
[
The History of Everyday Life in Yan’an
] (Guilin, 2007), 132–133.

41. Ibid.

42. Spence,
Gate
, 334–335.

16.
CONFERENCE AT CAIRO

1. Hannah Pakula,
The
Last Empress: Madame Chiang Kai-shek and the Birth of Modern China
(New York, 2009), 419.

2. Graham Peck,
Two Kinds of Time
(Seattle, 2008) [originally published Boston, 1950], 477.

3. CKSD, monthly reflection, February 1943, cited in Wang Jianlang, “Xinren de liushi: cong Jiang Jieshi riji kan kangRi zhanhou qi de ZhongMei guanxi” [“The Erosion of Trust: Sino-American Relations for the Postwar Period as Seen through Chiang Kai-shek’s Diary”],
Jindaishi yanjiu
(2009:3), 51.

4. ZFHR, January 26, 1943, 699; January 29, 1943, 701.

5. Ibid., February 2, 1943, 703.

6. CKSD, February 28, 1943.

7. Ibid., February 13, 1943, 707; February 21, 1943, 710; March 4, 1943, 714.

8. Ibid., April 16, 1943.

9. Ibid., June 30, 1943, August 19, 1943.

10. Christopher Thorne,
Allies of a Kind: The United States, Britain, and the War against Japan, 1941–1945
(Oxford, 1978), 306.

11. Ibid., 311.

12. Ibid., 319.

13. Ibid., 187–188.

14. John Hunter Boyle,
China and Japan at War, 1937–1945: The Politics of Collaboration
(Stanford, CA, 1972), 308.

15. CKSD, June 29, 1943.

16. Ibid., February 7, 1943.

17. SP, January 19, 1943, 161.

18. Jay Taylor,
The Generalissimo: Chiang Kai-shek and the Struggle for Modern China
(Cambridge, MA, 2007), 219–220.

19. NARA RG 493 (616/174).

20. Stilwell note from May 1943 conference, SP, May, 172. Hans J. van de Ven,
War and Nationalism in China, 1925–1945
(London, 2003), 36–37.

21. SP, May, 173.

22. Van de Ven,
War and Nationalism
, 37.

23. Ibid., 39–40.

24. Thorne,
Allies of a Kind
, 299.

25. SP, September 4, 1943, 186.

26. Ramon H. Myers, “Casting New Light on Modern Chinese History: An Introduction,” in Wu Jingping and Tai-chun Kuo, eds.,
Song Ziwen ZhuMei
shiqi dianbaoxua
n [
Select Telegrams between Chiang Kai-shek and T. V. Soong
] (Shanghai, 2008), 256.

27. SP, September 25, 1943, 193.

28. Van de Ven,
War and Nationalism
, 39.

29. SP, October 16, 1943, 196.

30. CKSD, September 18, 1943.

31. SP, September 17, 1943, 187–188.

32. CKSD (Box 43, folder 9), October 18, 1943.

33. ZFHR, October 5, 1943, 803.

34. R. B. Smith,
Changing Visions of East Asia, 1943–1993: Transformations and Continuities
(London, 2010), 18.

35. Smith,
Changing Visions
, 19.

36. Ba Maw cited in Boyle,
China and Japan at War
, 323.

37. Gerhard Weinberg,
A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II
, 2nd ed. (Cambridge, 2005), 624–629.

38. Thorne,
Allies of a Kind
, 294.

39. CKSD (Box 43, folder 10), November 12, 1943.

40. CKSD, November 17, 1943.

41. Pakula,
Last Empress
, 471.

42. Ibid., 470.

43. Thorne,
Allies of a Kind
, 319.

44. CKSD, November 21, 1943, November 22, 1943.

45. Ibid., November 21, 1943.

46. Van de Ven,
War and Nationalism
, 42.

47. CKSD, November 21, 1943.

48. Ibid., November 23, 1943.

49. Thorne,
Allies of a Kind
, 333.

50. Van de Ven,
War and Nationalism
, 43. CKSD, November 23, 1943. Weinberg,
A World at Arms
, 628.

51. CKSD, November 23, 1943.

52. Ibid.

53. CKSD, November 25, 1943, November 26, 1943.

54. Thorne,
Allies of a Kind
, 275–279.

55. Ibid., 291, 292, 288.

56. CKSD, week’s reflections after November 26, 1943.

57. Ibid., monthly reflections, November 1943.

58. Van de Ven,
War and Nationalism
, 45.

59. CKSD, October 1, 1943.

60. Ibid., October 3, 1943.

61. Van de Ven,
War and Nationalism
, 46.

62. CKSD, November 30, 1943.

63. FRUS, 1943: China (November 30, 1943), 167–176.

64. CKSD, April 20, 1943.

65. Van de Ven,
War and Nationalism
, 62, argues this point forcefully.

66.
FRUS
, 1943: China (December 9, 1943), 180.

17.
ONE WAR, TWO FRONTS

1. Huang Yaowu,
Wode zhanzheng, 1944–1948
[
My War
,
1944–1948
] (Shenyang, 2010), 24.

2. Document dated January 1, 1944 (PRO), in Hans J. van de Ven,
War and Nationalism in China, 1925–1945
(London, 2003), 46.

3. “Di si ci Nanyue junshi huiyi kaihui xunci” [“Speech to the Fourth Nanyue Military Conference”] (10 February 1944), ZT, 324.

4. FRUS, 1944: China (March 23, 1944), 43.

5. “Battle of Asia: A Difference of Opinion,”
Time
, February 15, 1944.

6. Van de Ven,
War and Nationalism
, 49.

7. Ibid., 54.

8. Huang,
Wode zhanzheng
, 28–29.

9. Ibid., 60.

10. Gerhard Weinberg,
A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II
, 2nd ed. (Cambridge, 2005), 647.

11. Hara Takeshi, “The Ichigô Offensive,” in Mark Peattie, Edward Drea, and Hans van de Ven, eds.,
The Battle for China: Essays on the Military History of the Sino-Japanese War of 1937–1945
(Stanford, CA, 2011), 392–398.

12. Christopher Bayly and Tim Harper,
Forgotten Armies: Britain’s Asian Empire and the War with Japan
(London, 2004), 370.

13. Van de Ven,
War and Nationalism
, 47.

14. Wang Qisheng, “The Battle of Hunan and the Chinese Military’s Response to Operation Ichigô,” in Peattie, Drea, and Van de Ven,
Battle for China
, 406.

15. Van de Ven,
War and Nationalism
, 271–273.

16. Jiang Dingwen, “Jiang Dingwen guanyu Zhongyuan huizhan kuibai yuanyin zi jiantao baogao” [“Jiang Dingwen’s Report on the Investigation into the Reasons for the Defeat in the Central China Battle”] (June 1944),
Zhonghua minguo shi dang’an shiliao huibian
, 97.

17. Ibid., 98.

18. Ibid.

19. “Guo Zhonghuai deng yaoqiu yancheng Tang Enbo deng ti an ji Guomin Canzheng jueyi” [“Resolution from Guo Zhonghuai and Others Demanding the Serious Punishment of Tang Enbo and Others”] (1945), in No. 2 National Archives, ed.,
Zhonghua minguoshi dang’an shiliao huibian
[
Selected Archival Materials on Republican Chinese History
] (5:2—Military: 4) (Nanjing, 1991), 115.

20. Ibid., 114.

21. Ibid., 114–115.

22. Jiang Dingwen, “Jiang Dingwen,” 98.

23. FRUS, 1944: China (May 20, 1944), 77.

24. Theodore White and Annalee Jacoby,
Thunder out of China
(New York, 1946), 178.

25. Wang Qisheng, “Battle of Hunan,” 409.

26. White and Jacoby,
Thunder
, 183.

27. Jay Taylor,
The Generalissimo: Chiang Kai-shek and the Struggle for Modern China
(Cambridge, MA, 2007), 272.

28. “Zhuzhong kexue zhuzhi de fangfa” (“Emphasizing Methods of Scientific Organization”), June 25, 1944, ZT, vol. 20, 430–432.

29. ZT, CKS speech, July 21, 1944, 445.

30. Peter Vladimirov,
The Vladimirov Diaries: Yenan, 1942–1945
(New York, 1975) [hereafter PVD].

31. Barbara Tuchman,
Stilwell and the American Experience in China, 1911–1945
(New York, 1971), 473. Tuchman gives a sympathetic interpretation of Stilwell’s words, arguing that he had given considerable assistance to Chennault and Chiang, and that the request to relieve Xue Yue was merely an attempt to cover up the former’s incompetence without acknowledging that Stilwell’s judgment had been correct.