Forgotten Wars (107 page)

139.
‘MCA Ministers should honour the MCA pledge a decade ago to secure justice for the 56-year Batang Kali Massacre by asking Cabinet to make public the finding of police investigations into the massacre completed in 1997’, Media statement by Lim Kit Siang, 17 July 2004,
http://www.dapmalaysia.org/all-archive/English/2004/ju104/lks/lks3143.htm
.

140.
Kurt Bayer and Graham Ogilvy, ‘Veterans’ fury at “Malay massacre” claim’,
Scotland on Sunday
, 14 December 2003.

141.
Reuters wire report, 4 February 1970, DEFE13/843, TNA.

142.
Gurney to Creech Jones, 19 December 1948, CO537/3758, TNA.

143.
Quoted in Stubbs,
Hearts and minds in guerrilla warfare
, p. 75; Short,
In pursuit of mountain rats
, pp. 168–9.

144.
Cross and Gurung,
Gurkhas at war
, p. 204.

145.
Daily Worker
, 28 April 1952; see the discussion in CO1022/45, TNA.

1.
Central Intelligence Agency internal memo 208, 26 August 1949, p. 12, US declassified documents.

2.
Ibid., p. 18.

3.
‘Review of Present Far East Defence Policy’ by chiefs of staff, January–February 1949, FO 371/75679, TNA.

4.
Woodrow Wyatt to Cripps, 23 January 1949, CAB127/151, TNA.

5.
Murray to Laithwaite, 23 June 1949, Laithwaite Papers, Mss Eur F138/74, OIOC.

6.
CIA memo, 26 August 1949, p. 17, US declassified documents.

7.
Bowker to Foreign Office, 27 January 1949, FO371/75679, TNA.

8.
Attlee to Nu, 4 August 1949, following a series of complaints from Nu to Cripps, 20 April, 24 June 1949, CAB127/151, TNA.

9.
Furnivall in
Times of Burma
, 10 April 1949.

10.
Bowker to Foreign Office, 26 April 1949, FO371/75691, TNA.

11.
Minute by B. R. Pearn on press cutting, ‘Establishment of National Economic Council by Burmese Government’, FO371/75691, TNA.

12.
Nehru to Nu, 14 April 1949, in S. Gopal (ed.),
Selected works of Jawaharlal Nehru
, 2nd Series, vol. X (Delhi 1990), p. 410. This correspondence is located in the Jawaharlal Nehru Papers and the Krishna Menon Papers, Nehru Memorial Library, New Delhi.

13.
Ibid., p. 413.

14.
E.g.,
Hindustan Times
, 9 January 1949.

15.
Nehru to M. A. Rauf, 10 April 1949, in Gopal,
Selected works of Nehru
, X, p. 408.

16.
Answer in Nehru’s Press Conference, 6 March 1949, ibid., p. 400.

17.
Nehru to M. A. Rauf, 15 April 1949, ibid., pp 417–18.

18.
Ibid. and fn.

19.
Government of the Union of Burma,
Burma and the insurrections
(Rangoon, September 1949), p. 31.

20.
Richard Butwell,
U Nu of Burma
(Stanford, 1963), p. 105.

21.
Nehru to Commonwealth Relations Office, 21 February 1949, ‘Common-wealth Conference on Burma’, FO371/75686, TNA.

22.
William C. Johnstone,
Burma’s foreign policy: a study in neutralism
(Cambridge, MA, 1963), pp. 59–60.

23.
Uma Shankar Singh,
Burma, 1948–1962
(Bombay, 1979), p. 57.

24.
Nehru to M. A. Rauf, 15 April 1949, Gopal,
Selected works of Nehru
, X, p. 417.

25.
Transcription of a speech to AFPFL conference by U Nu, 24 September
1955, enclosure in Rangoon to London, 12 October 1955, ‘Corruption in the Burma civil service, etc.’, FO371/117030, TNA.

26.
Balwant Singh,
Independence and democracy in Burma, 1945–52
(Ann Arbor, 1993), p. 106.

27.
Ibid., p. 109.

28.
Furnivall to Dunn, 14 August 1949, Furnivall Papers, PP/MS 23, vol. I, SOAS.

29.
Furnivall to Dunn, 5 September 1949, ibid.

30.
Ken Sutton, ‘A Guardman’s tale’,
www.nmbava.co.uk/a–guardsmans%20man%20tale.hml
; Kumar Ramakrishna,
Emergency propaganda: the winning of Malayan hearts and minds, 1948–1958
(Richmond, 2002), p. 235.

31.
The Times
, 12 August 1953.

32.
George Edinger,
The twain shall meet
(New York, 1960), p. 40.

33.
Leslie Thomas,
In my wildest dreams
(London, 1984), p. 183.

34.
Leslie Thomas,
The virgin soldiers
(London, 1967), pp. 13.

35.
Ibid., p. 15.

36.
J. N. McHugh,
A handbook of spoken ‘bazaar’ Malay
(Singapore, 1956 [1945]), p. 7.

37.
J. P. Cross and Buddhiman Gurung,
Gurkhas at war in their own words: the Gurkha experience, 1939 to the present
(London, 2002), pp. 221–2.

38.
Alan Sillitoe,
Life without armour
(London, 1995), p. 118.

39.
Che Abdul Khalid, ‘Joget Modern in Kuala Lumpur’, 21 May 1952; minute, 2 June 1952, DCL Selangor/115/52, ANM.

40.
Virginia Matheson Hooker,
Writing a new society: social change through the novel in Malay
(St Leonard’s, NSW, 2000), pp. 153–9.

41.
H. B. M. Murphy, ‘The mental health of Singapore: part one – suicide’,
Medical Journal of Malaya
, 9, 1 (1954), p. 21.

42.
Quoted in Cross and Buddhiman Gurung,
Gurkhas at war
, p. 186.

43.
John Coates,
Suppressing insurgency: an analysis of the Malayan Emergency, 1948–54
(Boulder, 1992), p. 62.

44.
John Branchley, ‘The ambush of 4 Troop, A Squadron, 4th Hussars’,
www.nmbva.c.uk/The%20ambush.htm
.

45.
This was mistranslated at the time as the Malayan
Races
Liberation Army. C. C. Chin and Karl Hack (eds.),
Dialogues with Chin Peng: new light on the Malayan Communist Party
(Singapore, 2004), p. 149.

46.
‘Translation of a printed MCP booklet entitled “Present day situation and duties”’, 1 November 1949, FO371/84481, TNA; Chin Peng,
My side of history
(Singapore, 2004), pp. 243–4, 253.

47.
Federation of Malaya CID Intelligence Report, August–September 1952, appendix A: ‘MCP Auxiliary Organisation’, CO1022/187, TNA.

48.
‘Statement of ‘Liew Tian Choy’, 4 October 1949, B. P. Walker Taylor Papers, RHO.

49.
Review of Chinese Affairs, May 1952, CO1022/151, TNA. Discussed in T. N. Harper,
The end of empire and the making of Malaya
(Cambridge, 1999), pp. 159–60.

50.
P. B. Humphrey, ‘Some further items of psychological warfare intelligence as obtained from surrendered Communist terrorists in Malaya: I. Overt reasons’, 26 November 1953, WO291/1777, TNA.

51.
P. B. Humphrey, ‘A preliminary study of entry behaviour among Chinese Communist terrorists in Malaya’, June 1953, WO291/1764, TNA.

52.
Lucian W. Pye,
Guerrilla communism in Malaya: its social and political meaning
(Princeton, 1956), esp. pp. 133–90.

53.
Huang Xue Ying, oral testimony in Agnes Khoo,
Life as the river flows: women in the Malayan anti-colonial struggle
(Petaling Jaya, 2004), p. 186. See also the discussion in Richard Stubbs,
Hearts and minds in guerrilla warfare: the Malayan Emergency, 1948–1960
(Singapore, 1989), pp. 88–90.

54.
This is a striking theme of the testimonies in Khoo,
Life as the river flows:

55.
This is extrapolated from a statement in papers found on a dead Johore commander; Anthony Short,
In pursuit of mountain rats: the communist insurrection in Malaya
(Singapore, 2000 [1975]), pp. 104–6.

56.
Statement of ‘Liew Tian Choy’.

57.
Coates,
Suppressing insurgency
, p. 150.

58.
As described in Alan Hoe and Eric Morris,
Re-enter the SAS: the SAS and the Malayan campaign
(London, 1994), pp. 30–31.

59.
BDCC (FE), 16th meeting, 28 January 1949, CO537/4773, TNA.

60.
Brian Stewart,
Smashing terrorism in the Malayan Emergency: the vital contribution of the police
(Kuala Lumpur, 2004), pp. 24–5.

61.
Gurney to Creech Jones, 6 October 1949, CO717/162/52745/19/49, TNA.

62.
Karl Hack, ‘British intelligence and counter-insurgency in the era of decolonisation: the example of Malaya’,
Intelligence and National Security
, 14, 2 (1999), pp. 127–9.

63.
A. J. Stockwell, ‘Policing during the Malayan Emergency, 1948–60: communism, communalism and decolonization’, in D. Anderson and D. Killingray,
Policing and decolonization: politics, nationalism and the police
(Manchester, 1992), pp. 105–28.

64.
Emergency propaganda leaflets, RHO.

65.
For this assessment see the important study by Ramakrishna,
Emergency propaganda
, pp. 72–84.

66.
Chin Peng,
My side of history
, p. 4.

67.
Pye,
Guerrilla communism
, p. 187.

68.
J. N. McHugh,
Anatomy of communist propaganda
(Kuala Lumpur, 1949). See also the interesting essay by Rui Xiong Kee, ‘Exploring the “communist” in the communist insurrection in Malaya’, Standford University, Program in Writing and Rhetoric,
The Boothe Prize essays, 2004
(Standford, 2004), pp. 37–49,
http://pwr.stanford.edu/publications/Boothe%20book%202004.pdf
.

69.
‘Third further statement of Liew Thian Choy’, 10 October 1949, B. P. Walker Taylor Papers, RHO.

70.
‘Surrender policy’, Arthur Young Papers, RHO.

71.
Short,
In pursuit of mountain rats
, pp. 383–4.

72.
Simon C. Smith,
British relations with the Malaya rulers from decentralization to independence, 1930–1957
(Kuala Lumpur, 1995), p. 125.

73.
Charles Gamba,
The origins of trade unionism in Malaya
(Singapore, 1960), p. 418.

74.
‘Cabinet – Malaya Committee: Detention procedure, memorandum by the Secretary of State for the Colonies’, 10 July 1950, CO717/199/1, TNA.

75.
‘Detention in the Federation of Malaya’;
Straits Budget
, 5 April 1950, CO717/199/1, TNA.

76.
Federation of Malaya, monthly newsletter no. 36, 16 December 1951 to 15 January 1952, CO1022/132, TNA.

77.
Frank Brewer, ‘Malaya – Administration of Chinese affairs, 1945–57’, in Heussler Papers, RHO.

78.
Khatijah Sidek,
Memoirs of Khatijah Sidek: puteri kesateria bangsa
(Kuala Lumpur, 2001 [1960]), pp. 89–90.

79.
Tom Driberg, ‘In detention’,
Reynolds News
, 12 November 1950.

80.
Quoted in Short,
In pursuit of mountain rats
, p. 193.

81.
F. D. Marrable, Officer Superintending Police Circle Klang to Superintending Klang Camp, 10 October 1950, CO717/199/2, TNA.

82.
N. R. Hilton, ‘Detention camp – Tanjong Bruas, visited on 1 December 1951’, CO1022/326, TNA.

83.
Sir Donald MacGillivray to Alan Lennox Boyd, 6 June 1955, CO1030/145, TNA;
Straits Times
, 16 June 1955, 16 July 1955.