God's Jury: The Inquisition and the Making of the Modern World (40 page)

126.
[>]
   
Writing about the limits on intellectual freedom in China:
James Fallows, “‘The Connection Has Been Reset,’”
Atlantic Monthly,
March 2008.

127.
[>]
   
“that most terrible, because most insidious, of ghosts”:
Godman,
The
Saint as Censor,
p. 230.
[>]
   
The remains of Galileo Galilei:
Rachel Donadio, “A Museum Display of Galileo, the Heretic, Has a Saintly Feel,”
New York Times,
July 23, 2010.
[>]
   
An analysis of Galileo’s tooth:
“How We Found the Lost Relics of Galileo,” Museo Galileo, June 8, 2010.

128.
[>]
   
“sad misunderstanding”:
John Thavis, “Pope Says Church Erred in Condemning Galileo,” Catholic News Service, November 2, 1992.
[>]
   
against the backdrop of what had happened to Giordano Bruno:
The particulars of the Bruno case are discussed concisely in Black,
The Italian Inquisition
, pp. 182–186, and Blackwell,
Galileo, Bellarmine, and the Bible
, pp. 45–48, and at greater length in Rowland,
Giordano Bruno
, pp. 244–277.
[>]
   
renowned . . . for his capacious recall:
Rowland,
Giordano Bruno,
pp. 62–63.
[>]
   
a book by Erasmus hidden in a privy:
Rowland,
Giordano Bruno
, p. 75.
[>]
   
an infinity of stars and planets:
Rowland,
Giordano Brun
o, pp. 109–112, 215–221.

129.
[>]
   
“constellation of the ignorant”:
Pastor,
History of the Popes,
vol. 24, p. 206.
[>]
   
but summaries survive:
Rowland,
Giordano Bruno
, p. 248.
[>]
   
His interactions with the formidable Robert Bellarmine:
Godman,
The Saint as Censor,
pp. 176–178.
[>]
   
was haunted ever afterward:
Rowland,
Giordano Bruno,
pp. 12–13; Blackwell,
Galileo, Bellarmine, and the Bible,
p. 48; Black,
The Italian Inquisition
, p. 185.
[>]
   
“with great caution”:
Blackwell,
Galileo, Bellarmine, and the Bible,
p. 266.
[>]
   
agreed on one thing . . . on good terms with popes:
Blackwell,
Galileo, Bellarmine, and the Bible,
pp. 166–170.

130.
[>]
   
It was a pragmatic accommodation:
Godman,
Saint as Censor,
pp. 214–220.
[>]
   
“Concern for truth had evolved”:
Blackwell,
Galileo, Bellarmine, and the Bible,
p. 177.

131.
[>]
   
There was a charitable organization in Rome:
John Tedeschi, “A New Perspective on the Roman Inquisition,” in Bujanda,
Le Controle des Idées à la Renaissance,
pp. 26–27.
[>]
   
Throughout the peninsula, the total number executed:
Bethencourt,
The Inquisition,
p. 444.
[>]
   
Trials . . . followed the usual pattern in certain ways:
John Tedeschi, “The Status of the Defendant before the Roman Inquisition,” in Guggisberg, Moeller, and Menchi, eds.,
Kertzerverfolgung im 16. und frühen 17. Jahrhundert
, pp. 125–146.

132.
[>]
   
he would most likely be taken aback:
John Tedeschi, “Carlo Ginzburg e le fonti,” a paper delivered on the twenty-fifth anniversary of the publication of The Cheese and the Worms, in Colonnello and Del Col,
Uno Storico, un Mugnaio, un Libro
, pp. 23–28.
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at the beginning of his academic career:
Many of the personal details in this account were provided by Ginzburg in correspondence with the author, February 2001.

133.
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“How could I have let such an obvious fact escape me?”:
Carlo Ginzburg, “Witches and Shamans,”
New Left Review,
July/August 1993, p. 79.
[>]
   
“the persecuted, not the persecutors”:
Quoted in Tony Molho, “Carlo Ginzburg: Reflections on the Intellectual Cosmos of a 20th-century Historian,”
History of European Ideas,
vol. 30, no. 1 (2004), pp. 121–148.
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He was so excited by the discovery:
Carlo Ginzburg, “Witches and Shamans,”
New Left Review,
July/August 1993, pp. 80–81.
[>]
   
He was granted access, grudgingly:
Personal communication with Carlo Ginzburg. See also Carlo Ginzburg, “Witches and Shamans,”
New Left Review,
July/August 1993, pp. 75–85.

134.
[>]
   
“The
benandanti
spoke, often without being urged to”:
Ginzburg, Carlo, “Witches and Shamans,”
New Left Review,
July/August 1993, p. 82.
[>]
   
“mental rubbish of peasant credulity”:
Trevor-Roper,
The European Witch-Craze,
p. 116.

135.
[>]
   
published throughout Europe:
Russell,
Witchcraft in the Middle Ages,
p. 79.
[>]
   
typical chapter heading:
Kors and Peters,
Witchcraft in Europe,
pp. 198–199.
[>]
   
Much of this advice:
Mackay,
The Hammer of Witches
, p. 11.
[>]
   
“strange amalgam”:
Anthony Grafton, “Say Anything,”
The New Republic,
November 5, 2007.
[>]
   
the book’s taxonomy of beliefs and practices:
A concise overview of the
Malleus
and its impact can be found in Mackay,
The Hammer of Witches,
pp. 1–39.
[>]
   
would eventually cross the ocean:
Demos,
The Enemy Within,
p. 69.

136.
[>]
   
“The study of actual interrogations”:
Mackay,
The Hammer of Witches,
p. 31.
[>]
   
the genre known as microhistory:
See Carlo Ginzburg, “Microhistory: Two or Three Things That I Know About It,”
Critical Inquiry,
vol. 20, no. 1 (August 1993), pp. 10–35.
[>]
   
supported a vast book-making industry:
Grendler,
The Roman Inquisition and the Venetian Press,
p. 12.

137.
[>]
   
“artful mind,” “these were the angels”:
Ginzburg,
The Cheese and the Worms,
pp. 12, 5–6.
[>]
   
“remnants of the thinking of others”:
Ginzburg,
The Cheese and the Worms,
p. 61.
[>]
   
“There was once a great lord”:
Ginzburg,
The Cheese and the Worms,
p. 49.

138.
[>]
   
Although he was condemned to prison:
Ginzburg,
The Cheese and the Worms
, pp. 93–95.
[>]
   
or even architectural:
Bethencourt,
The Inquisition,
p. 443.
[>]
   
returned to Montereale and resumed his work:
Ginzburg,
The
Cheese and the Worms,
p. 93.
[>]
   
“losing many earnings”:
Del Col,
Domenico Scandella,
p. 129.
[>]
   
“Can’t you understand”:
Ginzburg,
The Cheese and the Worms,
p. 103.
[>]
   
“He will argue with anyone”:
Ginzburg,
The
Cheese and the Worms,
p. 2.
[>]
   
“things that would astonish”:
Del Col,
Domenico Scandella,
p. 20.

139.
[>]
   
“Your reverence must not fail to proceed”:
Ginzburg,
The Cheese and the Worms,
p. 128.
[>]
   
and pronounced it acceptable:
Weinberg and Bealer,
The World of Caffeine
, p. 40.
[>]
   
In Montereale today . . . fountain outside:
John Tedeschi, “Carlo Ginzburg e le fonti,” in Colonnello and Del Col,
Uno Storico, un Mugnaio, un Libro
, pp. 23–28.

140.
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“provided the prime example”:
Bethencourt,
The Inquisition,
p. 448.
[>]
   
John Locke put it like this:
Locke,
A Letter Concerning Toleration,
pp. 33, 53.
[>]
   
“The Inquisition was extinguished”:
Conversation with Francisco Bethencourt, June 2010.

141.
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abolished during the Napoleonic Era . . . to those few acres:
Peters,
Inquisition
, pp. 119–120; Kertzer,
The Kidnapping of Edgardo Mortara
, pp. 261–262.
[>]
   
the home of a Jewish couple . . . to baptize him:
Kertzer,
The Kidnapping of Edgardo Mortara
, pp. 37, 40–41.

142.
[>]
   
“There must be some mistake”:
Kertzer,
The Kidnapping of Edgardo Mortara,
p. 5.
[>]
   
The boy was taken to Rome . . . conducted the first Sabbath service:
Kertzer,
The Kidnapping of Edgardo Mortara
, pp. 86–87, 89–90, 124, 295, 298.
[>]
   
“sat outside the Chief Rabbi’s office”:
Kertzer,
The Kidnapping of Edgardo Mortara
, p. 304.

5. The Ends of the Earth

143.
[>]
   
“Where
is
the stairway to heaven?”:
Richard E. Greenleaf, “The Inquisition in Eighteenth-Century New Mexico,”
New Mexico Historical Review,
vol. 60, no. 1 (1985), pp. 29–60.
[>]
   
“This is the man who would like to see me”:
Aczel,
The Jesuit and the Skull
, p. 211.

144.
[>]
   
The things below . . . have not disappeared:
Tobias and Woodhouse,
Santa Fe: A Modern History,
pp. 231–235; La Farge,
Turn Left at the Sleeping Dog,
pp. 377–380; Lovato,
Sante Fe Hispanic Culture,
pp. 4, 23–29, 98–119; “City Changes, Family Remains,”
Santa Fe New Mexican,
December 5, 2010.
[>]
   
mass grave for Indians:
Santo Invisibles, “Santa Feans Call for Truth in Public Celebration of Religious Conquest,” Arizona Indymedia, September 5, 2010.

145.
[>]
   
ordering the execution:
Kessell, Hendricks, and Dodge, eds.,
To the Royal Crown Restored,
pp. 532–533.
[>]
   
After a brief investigation, archaeologists determined:
Tom Sharpe, “Talks With Tribes Delay Civic Center,”
Santa Fe New Mexican,
September 25, 2005; Laura Banish, “Committee Will Reconsider Burial Permit,”
Albuquerque Journal,
October 11, 2005; Associated Press, “Sweeney Center Dig Experts: Remains May Not Be Tesuque’s,” October 21, 2005; Laura Banish, “Caught Off Guard,”
Albuquerque Journal,
November 6, 2005; Tom Sharpe, “City, Tribe, Reach Deal on Civic Center,”
Santa Fe New Mexican,
December 16, 2005; David Alire Garcia, “Digging in the Dirt,”
Santa Fe Reporter,
May 16, 2007.
[>]
   
begun painting it red:
Geoff Grammer, “Cross of the Martyrs: Third Year for Vandals’ Message in Red,”
Santa Fe New Mexican,
August 24, 2010.
[>]
   
an inscription on an obelisk:
Santo Invisibles, “Santa Feans Call for Truth in Public Celebration of Religious Conquest,” Arizona Indymedia, September 5, 2010.

147.
[>]
   
highlights, marginal notations, and underlinings:
Lester,
The Fourth Part of the World,
p. 251.
[>]
   
deeply religious, even obsessively so:
Details of the spiritual life of Christopher Columbus and other information about his outlook and ambitions are drawn from Lester,
The Fourth Part of the World,
pp. 295–296; Pauline Moffitt Watts, “Prophecy and Discovery: On the Spiritual Origins of Christopher Columbus’s ‘Enterprise of the Indies,’”
American Historical Review,
vol. 90, no. 1 (1985), pp. 73–102; Delno West, “Christopher Columbus and His Enterprise to the Indies: Scholarship of the Last Quarter Century,”
William and Mary Quarterly,
vol. 49, no. 2 (1992).
[>]
   
“parish priests or friars”:
“Columbus’s Letter to the King and Queen of Spain, 1494,” Medieval Sourcebook,
http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/columbus2.html
.
[>]
   
popularized by a Harvard Business School professor:
The professor was Theodore Levitt; the article that gave the term new currency was “Globalization of Markets,”
Harvard Business Review
, May–June 1983.

148.
[>]
   
the trip from Rome to Alexandria and back:
Fergus Millar, “Emperors, Frontiers, and Foreign Relations, 31
B.C.
to
A.D.
378,”
Britannia
13 (1982), pp. 1–23.
[>]
   
“messengers of the lord”:
Dutton,
Carolingian Civilization
, pp. 65–66.
[>]
   
transport by sea could occur over longer distances:
Parry,
The Discovery of the Sea,
pp. 20–47, 165–171; Lester,
The Fourth Part of the World,
pp. 218–249.

149.
[>]
   
as Edward Gibbon wrote:
Gibbon,
The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire
, vol. 1, p. 50.
[>]
   
The Spanish Empire was no different . . . institutions of crown and church:
J. H. Plumb’s introduction to Parry,
The Spanish Seaborne Empire,
pp. 21–22; Parry,
The Age of Reconnaissance,
p. 239.

150.
[>]
   
many
conversos
in the New World . . . Columbus numbered:
Gitlitz,
Secrecy and Deceit,
p. 54; Meyer Kayserling, “America, the Discovery of,”
JewishEncyclopedia.com
.
[>]
   
sometimes encouraged . . . made the prohibition largely a dead letter:
Gitlitz,
Secrecy and Deceit
, pp. 55, 60.