God's Jury: The Inquisition and the Making of the Modern World (39 page)

103.
[>]
   
“in the mood to give it a good censoring”:
Godman,
The Saint as Censor,
p. 3.

104.
[>]
   
in a second-floor room:
Blackwell,
Galileo, Bellarmine, and the Bible
, p. 1; Shea and Artigas,
Galileo in Rome
, pp. 193–195.

105.
[>]
   
“under an almost unbearable strain”:
Tedeschi,
The Prosecution of Heresy,
pp. 10–11.
[>]
   
“characters like that of Paul re-appear”:
Ranke,
The Ecclesiastical and Political History of the Popes of Rom
e, vol. 1, p. 287.

106.
[>]
   
“He favoured above all other institutions”: Ranke,
The Ecclesiastical and Political History of the Popes of Rome,
vol. 1, pp. 313–314.
Ranke, The Ecclesiastical and Political History of the Popes of Rome, vol. 1, pp. 313–314.
[>]
   
a Roman mob sacked the original headquarters:
Setton,
The Papacy and the Levant,
vol. 4, pp. 718–720.

107.
[>]
   
eleven ancient aqueducts:
Aicher,
Guide to the Aqueducts of Ancient Rome
, p. 29.
[>]
   
pulled away the stonecutters and masons:
Pastor,
History of the Popes,
vol. 17, pp. 288–289.
[>]
   
a vast, fortresslike structure:
Coffin,
Pirro Ligorio,
pp. 77–78.

107.
[>]
   
“is a lofty hall with gloomy frescoes”:
Hare,
Walks in Rome
, vol. 2, p. 276.
[>]
   
“gloomy and forbidding pile of massive masonry”:
Nevin,
Vignettes of Travel,
pp. 362–366.
[>]
   
something of a historical accident:
The vicissitudes of the Vatican archives in the early nineteenth century are described in Chadwick,
Catholicism and History,
pp. 14–30. See also John Tedeschi, “A ‘Queer Story’: The Case of the Inquisitorial Manuscripts,”
Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy
(1986), pp. 67–74, and H. R. Trevor-Roper, “The Papal Papers,”
New York Review of Books,
May 31, 1979. For an overview of Vatican records more generally, see Blouin, ed.,
Vatican Archives: An Inventory and Guide to Historical Documents of the Holy See,
pp. xv–xxxiv.
[>]
   
The documents that tell the story:
An overview of the sources and their locations can be found in John Tedeschi, “The Organization and Procedures of the Roman Inquisition,” in Tedeschi,
The Prosecution of Heresy
, pp. 127–157; and John Tedeschi, “The Status of the Defendant before the Roman Inquisition,” in Guggisberg, Moeller, and Menchi, eds.,
Kertzerverfolgung im 16. und frühen 17. Jahrhundert
, pp. 125–146.

108.
[>]
   
Gone were the days when a Renaissance pontiff:
Duffy,
Saints and Sinners,
p. 185.
[>]
   
To reduce the cost of transportation:
Blouin,
Vatican Archives,
p. xxi.

109.
[>]
   
the designer sunglasses, the red Prada shoes:
Colm Tóibín, “Among the Flutterers,”
London Review of Books,
vol. 32, no. 16 (August 2010).
[>]
   
he is indeed an intellectual:
The point is made forcefully in Allen,
Cardinal Ratzinger
. See also Garry Wills, “A Tale of Two Cardinals,”
New York Review of Books,
April 26, 2001.

110.
[>]
   
he led the way up the spiral staircase:
The account here reflects conversations with Peter Godman at the Archivio, before the premises were refurbished, in 2000 and 2001; other quotations from Godman, unless specified, are from these or later conversations in 2004 and 2010, and e-mail correspondence.

112.
[>]
   
“we labor in equivocation”:
Godman,
The Saint as Censor,
p. 24.

113.
[>]
   
Petrarch . . . one of the great book collectors:
Elton,
The Great Book-Collectors,
pp. 41–53; Robinson,
Petrarch
, p. 26.
[>]
   
began distributing his library:
Elton,
The Great Book-Collectors,
p. 57; Saygin,
Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester
, p. 83.
[>]
   
“the Ripoli Press charged three florins”:
Quoted in Eisenstein,
The Printing Revolution in Early Modern Europe,
pp. 15–16.
[>]
   
It is estimated that scribes copied out:
Eltjo Buringh and Jan Luiten Van Zanden, “Charting the ‘Rise of the West’: Manuscripts and Printed Books in Europe, A Long-Term Perspective From the Sixth Through Eighteenth Centuries,”
The Journal of Economic History
, vol. 69, no. 2 (2009), pp. 409–445.
[>]
   
Thanks to the revolution in typography:
Goldstone,
Out of the Flames,
pp. 22–29.

114.
[>]
   
central to civic space:
Eisenstein,
The Printing Revolution,
p. 14.
[>]
   “
a scholar, deep in meditation in his study”:
Yates,
The Art of Memory
, p. 131.
[>]
   
“It is a mystery to me”:
Quoted in Eisenstein,
The Printing Revolution
, p. 168.
[>]
   
“competing for space”:
Eisenstein,
The Printing Revolution,
pp. 168–171.

115.
[>]
   
“able to send their messages from beyond the grave”:
Eisenstein,
The Printing Revolution,
pp. 174–175.
[>]
   
as a young seminarian in the 1960s:
Carroll,
Constantine’s Sword,
p. 319.
[>]
   
the experience of China:
James Fallows, “‘The Connection Has Been Reset,’”
Atlantic Monthly,
March 2008.

115.
[>]
   
An uneasy compromise was eventually reached:
David Barboza and Miguel Helft, “A Compromise Allows Both China and Google to Claim a Victory,”
New York Times,
July 10, 2010.

116.
[>]
   
activists seek to remove books they deem offensive:
Office of Intellectual Freedom, American Library Association.
[>]
   
A school board on Long Island:
Jennifer Barrios, “Board Bans 2 Books from Reading List,”
Newsday,
December 5, 2007.
[>]
   
A school in Alabama:
“Profanity, Sex Trigger Book-banning Efforts,”
Birmingham News,
September 29, 2008.
[>]
   
two male penguins who adopt an egg:
“Schools Chief Bans Book on Penguins,”
Boston Globe,
December 20, 2006.
[>]
   
A Kentucky statute still in force:
Frank E. Lockwood, “‘Infidel’ Texts Banned in Schools; Educators Say They Follow State Law,”
Lexington Herald-Leader,
August 5, 2006.
[>]
   Fahrenheit 451
has been challenged:
Kristin Tillotson, “If You Read, the Terrorists Will Win,”
Minneapolis Star-Tribune,
December 2, 2005; “Ray Bradbury’s
Fahrenheit 451
Banned,”
New Internationalist,
December 1, 2006.
[>]
   
“The lust to suppress”:
Hentoff,
Free Speech For Me—But Not For Thee,
p. 1.

117.
[>]
   
“brought their books together and began burning them”:
Acts of the Apostles, 19:19–20.
[>]
   
the philosopher Peter Abelard:
Abelard,
Historia Calamitatum,
p. 44.
[>]
   
In his several Bonfires of the Vanities
: Duffy,
Saints and Sinners
, p. 197; Pastor,
History of the Popes,
vol. 5, pp. 205–207.
[>]
   
by a determined cardinal:
Black,
The Italian Inquisition,
p. 169.
[>]
   
what was believed to be the last existing copy:
Goldstone,
Out of the Flames,
pp. 3–4.
[>]
   
fell to the Master of the Sacred Palace:
Godman,
The Saint as Censor,
pp. 8–9.

118.
[>]
   
he examined all books before publication:
Black,
The Italian Inquisition,
p. 159.
[>]
   
potential incursion of censorship on the Internet:
John Walker, “The Digital Imprimatur,”
Knowledge, Technology, and Policy,
vol. 16, no. 3 (Fall 2003), pp. 24–77.
[>]
   
“not in full conformity with the Catholic faith”:
“Vatican Orders Bishop to Remove Imprimatur,”
National Catholic Reporter,
February 27, 1998.
[>]
   
Johnson had not sought an imprimatur:
John L. Allen, Jr., “U.S. Bishops Blast Book by Feminist Theologian,”
National Catholic Reporter
, March 30, 2011; “Johnson: Bishops’ Condemnation Came Without Discussion,”
National Catholic Reporter
, March 31, 2011.
[>]
   
In 1542, with the formal establishment . . . both congregations:
Black,
The Italian Inquisition
, pp. 160–161, 179.

119.
[>]
   
“As soon as there were books or writing of any kind”:
Catholic Encyclopedia.
http://www .newadvent.org/cathen/03519d.htm
.
[>]
   
“tempting cups of poison”:
John Thavis, “Index of Forbidden Books: A Tome Gathering Dust for 25 Years,” Catholic News Service, June 14, 1991.
[>]
   
the Catholic Daughters of America:
Hamburger,
Separation of Church and State,
p. 412.
[>]
   
summarizing and cataloguing the contents:
Thomas Henegan, “Secrets Behind the Forbidden Books,”
America,
February 7, 2005. See also
http://www.buchzensur.de
, the Web site of Hubert Wolf’s project on the Roman Inquisition and the Congregation of the Index in the Modern Age.

120.
[>]
   
The Inquisition’s response took many forms:
Useful overviews of the Church’s regime of censorship can be found in Baldini and Spruitt,
Catholic Church and Modern Science
, vol. 1, pp. 103–128; Bethencourt,
The Inquisition
, pp. 221–236; Godman,
The Saint as Censor
, pp. 3–48; Black,
The Italian Inquisition
, pp. 158–207.
[>]
   
symptomatic of Church attitudes:
Tedeschi,
The
Prosecution of Heresy,
p. 276.
[>]
   
one sixteenth-century censor wrote privately:
Peter Godman, “Inside the Archives of the Inquisition,”
Times Literary Supplement,
January 16, 1998.
[>]
   
what George Orwell . . . would call “memory holes”:
Orwell,
1984
, p. 38.

121.
[>]
   
a typewritten memo from the British embassy:
Timothy Garton Ash, “Orwell’s List,”
New York Review of Books,
September 25, 2003.
[>]
   
in Milwaukee, the local bishop:
“Roman Catholics: End of the Imprimatur,”
Time,
December 29, 1967.
[>]
   
“The maintenance of a structure”:
Bethencourt,
The Inquisition,
p. 230.

122.
[>]
   
A marginal notation in his hand:
Godman,
The Saint as Censor,
p. 208.
[>]
   
If a book was on the list:
Tedeschi,
The
Prosecution of Heresy,
p. 275.
[>]
   
every reference to
coitus
:
Black,
The
Italian Inquisition,
p. 170.
[>]
   
Over the years, they would proscribe:
Thomas Henegen, “Secrets Behind the Forbidden Books,”
America,
February 7, 2005.
[>]
   
clumsily blotted out:
some examples are reproduced in Bethencourt,
The Inquisition
, pp. 224–225.
[>]
   
An inquisitor in Padua:
Black,
The Italian Inquisition,
p. 169.
[>]
   
books published in German or English:
Godman,
The Saint as Censor,
p. 47.
[>]
   Uncle Tom’s Cabin
came under scrutiny:
Thomas Henegen, “Secrets Behind the Forbidden Books,”
America,
February 7, 2005.
[>]
   
the works of Hegel and Kant:
Peter Godman, “Inside the Archives of the Inquisition,”
Times Literary Supplement,
January 16, 1998.
[>]
   
escaped completely:
Thomas Henegen, “Secrets Behind the Forbidden Books,”
America,
February 7, 2005.

123.    
Bellarmine came close to having one of his own works . . . condemned:
Godman,
The Saint as Censor,
p. 227.
[>]
   
But, Tedeschi writes, there was more:
Tedeschi,
The
Prosecution of Heresy,
pp. 273–319.

124.
[>]
   
would seek the services of a friendly bishop:
“Roman Catholics: End of the Imprimatur,”
Time,
December 29, 1967.
[>]
   
no new editions of his work were published there:
Bethencourt,
The Inquisition,
p. 236.
[>]
   
In Spain, whose Inquisition mounted its own censorship effort:
Bethencourt,
The Inquisition,
p. 233.

125.
[>]
   
the Inquisition’s eventual campaign against the vernacular:
Black,
The Italian Inquisition,
pp. 175–177.
[>]
   
interviewed during the filming of his 1966 epic:
Lillian Ross, “The Bible in Dinocitta,”
The New Yorker,
September 25, 1965.
[>]
   
were virtually annihilated:
Fenlon,
Heresy and Obedience in Tridentine Italy,
pp. 74–75.
[>]
   
Inventories of books confiscated in Spain:
Bethencourt,
The Inquisition,
p. 233.
[>]
   
“major imponderables”:
Black,
The Italian Inquisition,
p. 207.