Happy Accidents: Serendipity in Major Medical Breakthroughs in the Twentieth Century (55 page)

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———.
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Illustration Credits

Daumier,
Monsieur Babinet:
Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. Bequest of William Perkins Babcock. Photograph © Museum of Fine Arts, Boston.

Cullum cartoon: © The New Yorker Collection 2005 Leo Cullum from
cartoonbank.com
. All Rights Reserved.

Close,
Kiki:
Walker Art Center, Minneapolis. Photograph by Ellen Page Wilson, courtesy of PaceWildenstein, New York. © Chuck Close.

Escher,
Circle Limit IV:
© 2006 The M. C. Escher Company B. V. All rights reserved.
www.mcescher.com
.

Hill,
My Wife and My Mother-in-Law:
From
Puck,
November 16, 1915.

Photo of Matisse: © Carone/Paris Match.

Photo of Fleming: Courtesy of the Alexander Fleming Laboratory Museum, St. Mary's NHS Trust, London.

Photo of Axis attack on Bari: Courtesy of the National Archives, photo no. 111-SC-177084.

Twohy cartoon: © The New Yorker Collection 1997 Mike Twohy from
cartoonbank.com
. All Rights Reserved.

Index

abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA), 208–214

abstract art, 7–8

accidental discoveries, xii–xiii, 6

See also
serendipity;
specific discoveries

acetylcholine, 217–218, 243

acid blockers, 101

“acid-fast” staining technique, 37

actinomycetes, 82–84, 87–88, 335

actinomycin, 84

Act of Creation, The
(Koestler), 17

adaptive unconscious, 15

Age of Exploration, 29

Agre, Peter, 3

Albany Medical Center Prize, 366

Albert and Mary Lasker Foundation, 171

Albert Lasker Awards in Medical Research, 171

alcohol abuse, 284–286

Alexander, Albert, 73–74

Alexander, Franz, 100–101

Alexander, Stewart, 119–122

alkaloids, 287

alkylating agents, 122–126

Allison, V. D., 62, 65

Altman, Lawrence K., 294

Alzheimer, Alois, 361

American Cancer Society, 171, 175–176

aminopterin, 129

analogical thinking, 17–19

Anderson, David, 3

aneurysms, 208–214

angina pectoris, 192, 218

angiogenesis, 140–147

angioplasty, 205–207

angiostatin, 146, 152

Anichkov, Nikolai, 226

aniline purple, 48

anomalies, 18–19

Antabuse, 286

anthrax, 33, 34

antianxiety-sedative drugs, 241, 245, 270–272, 281–283, 363–364

antibacterial drugs, 50–57

antibiotics, 55, 245

from actinomycetes, 87–88

actinomycin, 84

overuse of, 90–91

penicillin, 60–77, 332–334

streptomycin, 85–91

streptothricin, 84

tyrothricin, 84

workings of, 335

antibodies, 40, 92–94

anticancer drugs, 18

See also
chemotherapy

anticoagulants, 234–238

antidepressants, 241, 245, 273–280

MAO inhibitors, 274–277, 362

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), 278–280

tricyclic, 277–278, 305

antigen-antibody reactions, 92–94

antigens, 39–40

antimanics, 241

antimetabolites, 129–130, 330, 340

antipsychotics, 241

See also specific drugs

antiseptics, 61, 62–63

anxiety disorders, 242, 254, 270, 309

aorta, 199, 208

aortic aneurysms, 208–214

Armstrong, Lance, 136

arteries, clogged, 225–233

arts, similarities between science and the, 15–17

aspirin, 49

anticancer properties of, 148–150

for blood clots, 237–238

AstraZeneca, 310

atherosclerosis, 225–233

atomic structure, 38

Atoxyl, 44

Aureomycin, 88

Australia antigen, 93–97

Avastin, 146

Avery, Oswald T., 84

Avorn, Jerry, 310

azo dyes, 50–55

bacteria

discovery of, 30

H. pylori,
102–113

resistant strains of, 90–91

stomach, 102–103

bacterial infections

streptococcus, 50–55

during World War I, 61–62

See also
antibiotics

bacteriology, 34–37

Bailar, John C., 177

Baltimore, David, 156

Bari, Italy, 117–126, 339

Barker, Bertha, 193

BAY 43-9006, 163

Beaudette, Fred, 83

Becker, Andrew, 166

Becquerel, Henri, xii

Behring, Emil von, 39, 59

benzodiazepines, 272, 281–283

Berger, Frank, 270–272

Bernard, Claude, 107

Berson, Solomon, 19–20

Beveridge, W. I. B., 45, 103

bewitching, 297

Bing, Richard, 350

Bini, Lucio, 250–251

biomilitarism, 181

bipolar affective disorder, lithium for, 260–265

Bishop, J. Michael, 156–158, 344

bismuth, 105

bisociation, 17

Blackwell, Barry, 362

Blakemore, Arthur, 209–210, 212

Blaser, Martin, 108

blind discovery, 4–6

“Blind Men and the Elephant, The” (Saxe), 11–12

blood cells, types of, 165–166

blood clots, 234–238

blood thinners, 234–238

blood vessels

angiogenesis and, 140–147

nitric oxide and, 215–219

triangulation of, 209

Blumberg, Baruch, 22, 92–98

Bohm, David, 18–19

Bohr, Niels, 18

bone marrow cells, 165–166

bone marrow transplants, 165

Borel, Jean-François, 90

Bosch, Hieronymus, 365

Bouck, Noël, 145–146

Bovet, Daniel, 53–54

Boyer, Herbert, 304

brain chemistry

current research on, 298–299

early research on, 242–245

See also
psychotropic drugs

brain-imaging studies, 15

brain research, lobotomies and, 252–259

breast cancer, 139

Brinkley, John R., 221–222

Broca, Paul, 253–254

Brown, Alexander Crum, 327

Brown, Michael S., 227–233, 311

Brown-Séquard, Charles-Édouard, 220

Bugie, Elizabeth, 85

Burkitt's lymphoma, 180, 344

Bush, Vannevar, 369

Cade, John, 260–265, 304