Happy Accidents: Serendipity in Major Medical Breakthroughs in the Twentieth Century (57 page)

Gram's stain, 331

Grant, Cary, 292–293

grant application process

peer review and, 303–307

targeted research and, 301–303

Grigg, C. L., 262

Groopman, Jerome, 179–180

groupthink, 301–302

Gruentzig, Andreas, 206–207

H2 blockers, 101

Hald, Jens, 284–286

Haldane, J. B. S., 238

hallucinogens, 287–299

Halsted, William Stewart, 32

Hampton, Caroline, 32

Hardin, Garrett, 305

Hare, Ronald, 63

Harvey, William, 18, 187–188

Hata, Sahachiro, 44–45

HAV (hepatitis A virus) vaccines, 336

HDL (high-density lipoprotein), 226

heart

electrical current in, 188–189

recording of, 188–192

heart attacks, 192–194

heart disease

See also
cardiovascular disease

heart research

on blood thinners, 234–238

on cardiac catheterization, 195–203

on cholesterol, 225–233

on coronary angioplasty, 205–207

early work on, 187–194

nitric oxide and, 215–219

on vascular surgery, 208–214

Heatley, Norman, 70–75, 79

Heberden, William, 192

Heffter, Arthur, 364

Heliobacter
, 102–113

Heller, John, 173

Helms, Richard, 295

heparin, 235

hepatitis, 92–98

hepatitis A, 94, 97–98, 336

hepatitis B, 94–98, 336

hepatitis C, 336

hepatitis D, 336–337

Herbert, Frank, 13

Herrick, James, 192–193

Hill, W. E., 10

HIV, 180

Hodgkin, Alan, 22, 325

Hodgkin, Dorothy, 333

Hodgkin's disease, 125, 335

Hoffmann, Erich, 43–44

Hofmann, Albert, 287–292, 294, 296, 298

Hofstadter, Douglas R., 18

Hooke, Robert, 366

Howell, William, 234–235

H. pylori
, 102–113

Huant, Ernest, 361

Huggins, Charles, 138–139

human genome, 182

Humphrey, J. H., 23

Hunt, Mary, 75

Huxley, Aldous, 297, 365

hypoglycemic coma, 247–249

ice-pick lobotomy, 256–258

IG Farben, 49–50, 53, 54, 328–329

Ignarro, Louis, 218, 219

illusions, cognitive, 8–13

imagination, as pathway to creative thought, 14–15

imipramine, 241, 245, 278, 305

immunology, 39–40, 59–60

immunosuppressants, 90

impotence, 220–224

inductive reasoning, 6

industrial scientific laboratories, 39

infectious jaundice, 94

InnoCentive, 316

innovation, reasons for decline in, 300–315

insight, 19–21

insulin coma, 247–249

interferon, 180

intuition, as pathway to creative thought, 14–15

iproniazid, 275–277

Iressa, 163

isoniazid (INH), 90

Jacobsen, Erik, 284–286

Jacobson, Julius H., II, 204

Jamison, Kay Redfield, 264–265

Janelia Farm Research Campus, 315–316

Jensen, Carl, 339

Johnston, C. D., 131

Jones, Doris, 85

Jones, Stormie, 231–232

Kandinsky, Wassily, 7–8

Kantorovich, Aharon, 5

Kekulé, Friedrich, 38

Kelsey, Frances O., 152

Kendall, Edward, 3–4

Kennedy, Edward M., 347

Kennedy, Foster, 248

Kennedy, Joseph P., 257

Kennedy, Rose Marie (Rosemary), 257

Kettering, Charles, 171–172

Kiki
(Close), 8–9

Kline, Nathan, 18, 274–277

Koch, Robert, 34–37, 39, 86–87, 108, 137

Koestler, Arthur, 17

Kölliker, Albert von, 188

Krugman, Saul, 96–98

Kuhn, Roland, 277–278, 305

Kuhn, Thomas, 4, 18, 113

Laborit, Henri, 266–267

Laetrile, 143–144

Lakhani, Karim, 316

Langer, Robert, 142–143

Langerhans, Paul, 175, 347

Laqueur, Ernst, 220

Lasker, Albert, 171

Lasker, Mary, 171

Lauterbur, Paul, 306

laxatives, 48–49

LDL (low-density lipoprotein), 226–233

Leary, Timothy, 293, 297

Ledes, Richard, 358

Lee, Tsung-Dao, 13–14

Leeuwenhoek, Antony van, 29–31, 326–327

Lehmann, Heinz E., 268

Lesch, John, 56

leukemia, 127–130, 134, 162

Levi, Primo, 328

Levine, Arnold, 160–161

Levine, Samuel, 193–194

Levitra, 223

Lewis, Thomas, 191–192, 349

Librium, 241, 281–283

lifestyle drugs, 310

Link, Karl Paul, 235–236

Lipitor, 232

Lister, Joseph, 32, 332

lithium, 260–265, 359–360

lobotomies, 252–259, 358

Loewi, Otto, 242–244

logic, 14, 21–23

logical fallacies, 13–14

Loomer, Harry, 276

lovastatin, 232, 335, 355

Lowell, Robert, 264

LSD, 241, 245, 287–299

Ludwig, Bernard, 271

Luria, Salvador, 7

lymphoma

Burkitt's, 180, 344

nitrogen mustard and, 122–126

lysergic acid.
See
LSD

lysozyme, 62–63, 70–71, 80

Macfarlane, Gwyn, 67

“magic bullets” concept, 42, 47

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 306

malaria, 40–41, 48

malaria treatment, 246–247

manic-depressive illness, lithium for, 260–265

MAO (monoamine oxidase) inhibitors, 274–277, 362

Marey, Étienne, 195

Marks, John, 295

Marquardt, Martha, 45

Marshall, Barry, 103–113, 306–307

Massengill and Company, 58

Matisse, Henri, 16

Matossian, Mary, 297

May and Baker, 56–57

McCormick, Frank, 163

McCulloch, Ernest, 165–168

McLean, Jay, 234–235

Medawar, Peter, 21, 23–25

medical research

changing climate for, 300–303

false impressions of, 1–2

government role in, 173–175, 300–303

lack of innovation in current, 300–315

reality of, 2–4

targeted, 170–180, 302–303

See also
scientific discoveries

Meduna, Ladislaus von, 249–250, 304

melanoma, 163

Mendeleev, Dmitri, 38

mental illness

current research on, 298–299

early treatments for, 246–251

lobotomies for, 252–259

See also
psychotropic drugs

meprobamate, 245, 270–272

mescaline, 290, 298, 364

metaphors, for disease, 181

Metchnikoff, Ilya, 40, 59

methotrexate, 129–130

methylene blue, 36, 41

“me-too” drugs, 309–310, 317, 368

Metrazol, 249–250

Mevacor (lovastatin), 232, 335, 355

Meyer-Thurow, Georg, 39

microorganisms

culturing of, 35–37

discovery of, 29–31

microscopes

electron, 105

invention of, 29–31

microvascular surgery, 204

Miller, Mrs. Ogden, 75–76

Millman, Irving, 96

Miltown (meprobamate), 241, 245, 270–272

Mitchell, S. Weir, 359

MKULTRA, 294–295

molds, 64–69, 71, 332

See also
penicillin

Moniz, António Egas

See
Egas Moniz, António

Monod, Jacques, 323–324

mood-altering drugs

See
psychotropic drugs

Moore, Francis, 175, 181

Morson, Basil, 343

motion sickness cure, 2

Moyer, Andrew J., 75

Mückter, Heinrich, 151

Müller, Heinrich, 188

multiple myeloma, 152–153

Murad, Ferid, 218, 219

mustard gas, 119–126, 338–339

Mustargen, 124–125

myocardial infarctions, 192–194

My Wife and My Mother-in-Law
(Hill), 10–11

Nabokov, Vladimir, 15

Nardil, 277

National Cancer Act (1971), 173–175

National Cancer Institute (NCI), 171, 172–173, 175–177

National Institutes of Health (NIH), 171, 172, 230, 301–304

National Research Act (1974), 97

Nazis, 55

Ne'eman, Yuval, 5

Neosalvarsan, 46

Nestler, Eric, 280

neurotransmitters, 242–245

Nexium, 309–310

nicotinamide, 361

Nijinsky, Vaslav, 248

nitric oxide (NO), 215–219, 353–354

nitrogen mustard, 122–126, 338–339

nitroglycerin, 192, 218, 353

Nitti, Frédéric, 53–54

Nixon, Richard, 173

Nobel, Alfred, 353

Nobel Prize

acceptance lectures, role of chance acknowledged in, 22, 23, 79, 98, 219

Nazis and, 55

recipients.
See
Agre, Peter;

Baltimore, David; Becquerel, Henri; Behring,