Heart of Europe: A History of the Roman Empire (183 page)

Venice, treaty (1177) 64

Vercelli 188

Verdi, Giuseppe (1813–1901) 666–7

Verdun, bishopric 91, 198, 230, 447, 740

Verdun, treaty (843) 2, 34, 35, 41, 85, 155, 195, 256, 340, 438, 704

Verona, city 305, 345, 514, 569

Verona, marquisate 187, 362

Versailles palace 274, 433, 672

Versailles, treaty (1919) 675

Vicenza 569

Victoria (1819–1901), queen of Great Britain (1837) and empress of India (1876) 163, 169, 291

Vienna: besieged 148, 149, 151, 470, 738, 747; cultural centre 291; economy 168; as Habsburg capital 408, 432, 435, 627, 654; French occupation 658; and imperial insignia 677, 679; and imperial title 162; inhabitants 237; inns 287; Jews in 107; law 507; papal nuncio at 134; population 523

Vienna, bishopric 89

Vienna, concordat (1448) 72, 73, 732

Vienna, congress (1814–15) 663–4

Vienna, university 71, 429

Viennois 197

Vikings: Christianization 80, 212; extortion 142, 201; kings 212–13; and Normans 191, 341; raiding 8, 82, 201, 332, 340–41, 488, 504, 704; and Russia 152; slave trade 79

villages: associations between 579–94; as communities 250–52, 504, 508, 579–80; development 96, 504; economy 508; governance 317, 508–9, 510–12, 519, 520, 579, 584; numbers 506–7; size 487, 503–4, 506;
see also
imperial villages

violence: causes 495, 520, 555; extraterritorial 171, 174–5; level 121, 340, 346, 376, 398–400, 573–5, 588, 593, 613–15, 644; minimization 172–3, 315, 340, 344, 420, 461, 533, 619–22; renunciation 115, 117, 128, 402–3, 625, 632

Virginia 150

Visconti family 392–3, 521, 722, 730

Visigoths 20, 699–700, 701

visitation (judicial review) 128, 629, 641

viticulture 494

Vladimir (955–1015), prince of Kiev from 978 152

Vladislav II (1110–74), king of Bohemia 1158–73 207, 358

Vojtech (956–97) 83, 207

Voltaire, François Marie Arouet de (1694–1778) 2

Voralberg 260, 528, 585, 588

Wagner, Richard (1813–830 670

Waiblingen 57

Waldburg, Georg Truchsess (1488–1531) 593

Waldeck-Pyrmont, principality 544–5, 657

Waldensians 39, 62, 119

Wallenstein, Albrecht Wenzel Eusebius von (1583–1634) 126, 457–9, 466

Walrum (d.1311) 68

war: cost 399–400, 447–54, 540–41, 648; declaration of 172–3, 296, 460, 645, 647, 752; private 448, 477;
see also individual conflicts

War of Devolution (1667–8) 746

Wartburg castle 110; festival (1817) 668

Weber, Max (1864–1920) 7, 171

Weiberlehen
363

Weigel, Hans (c.1522–77) 261

Weimar
see
Sachsen-Weimar

Weimar Republic 672, 675–6

Welf dynasty: branches 196, 357, 363, 375; influence 57, 215, 347, 355, 413, 471, 584, 713, 717; origins 705; possessions 827; and Staufer 64, 156, 192, 213, 352, 357–9, 361, 374, 378, 521, 713, 716–17; and Tuscany 349

Welser family 167

Wends 92, 96, 202–3, 209, 212, 213–14, 260, 571;
see also
crusades, Northern

Wenzel (1361–1419), king 1376–1400; accession 70, 307, 392, 573; allies 200, 225, 393, 395, 573; anti-Semitism 103–4, 729; as Bohemian king 391, 394–6, 728–9; character 302, 394, 728; deposition 71, 394–5, 401, 439, 552, 729; governance 323, 394, 403, 573–5, 7128–9; and Italy 393

Werner, Anton von (1843–1915) 673

Wernigerode, Dietrich (d.1386), count of 624

Westminster Abbey 234

Westphalia, duchy 105, 186, 358–9, 361, 373, 640

Westphalia, kingdom 658, 659, 662, 666

Westphalia, region 133, 136, 199, 599; justice 624; origins 186; peasants 489; town 572

Westphalia, treaty (1648): criticism 160, 676; guarantors 129, 155, 163, 442, 479, 649; implementation 467, 745; interpretations 441; negotiations 127, 176, 264, 279, 304, 441, 458; significance 8, 151, 154, 159, 471, 500, 683, 745; terms 75, 127–8, 132, 174–5, 229, 416, 437, 441–2, 452, 467, 578, 599, 745

Westphalian Kreis: assembly 474; counts 412, 562; defence 461, 564, 567; dissolution 657, 658; membership 228, 415

Wettin dynasty: Albertine branch 410, 560, 739; Ernestine branch 410, 528, 560, 631, 661, 739; governance 530; influence 471, 730; partitions 363, 375; possessions 374–5, 413, 473, 722, 723, 730

Wetterau, counts 412, 554, 562

Wetterau, region 368, 573

Wetzler, imperial city 572, 626, 659

White Mountain, battle (1620) 125, 458, 596

Widonen family 190

Widukind (730–810), Saxon chief 82

Widukind of Corvey (925–after 973) 239, 339

Wiener Neustadt 89, 555

Wildberg 522

Wildeshausen monastery 82

Wilhelm (928–68), archbishop of Mainz from 954 85

Wilhelm I (1797–1888), German emperor from 1871 671, 673, 674

Wilhelm II (1859–1941), German emperor 1888–1918 167, 674, 675

Wilhelm IX (1743–1821), landgrave of Hessen-Kassel from 1785 642

Wilhelm von Wittelsbach (1330–88), count of Holland, Zeeland and Hainault from 1345 386

Wilhelmsbad League (1794) 643

Willehard (d.789), bishop of Bremen from 787 81, 82

William of Holland (1228–56), anti-king from 1247 378, 379, 572, 582, 720

William III d’Hauteville (1185–95), king of Sicily in 1194 618

William V (929–1030), duke of Aquitaine from 990 196–7

Willigis (940–1011), archbishop of Mainz from 975 315–16

Wilsnack 71

Wimpfen, imperial city 355, 545

Wipo of Burgundy (c.995–1048) 45, 246, 524

Witchcraft 628

Wittelsbach dynasty: branches 122, 129, 369, 381, 410, 565, 742; court 433; identity 669; and imperial title 431, 462; influence 375, 381, 388, 389, 395, 428, 651, 724–5, 726, 748–9; internecine conflict 428, 440, 743; partitions 375, 381, 389; possessions 359, 381, 413, 715–16, 725

Wittenberg
see
Sachsen-Wittenberg

Wolfenbüttel
see
Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel

Wolkenstein, lordship 838

women: as captives 79; clothing 261, 316; education 276; as fief holders 363; and imperial church 80, 86–7, 132, 317, 419, 650; legal status 244, 245, 425–7, 537–8; maternity care 641; political influence 141, 169, 214–15, 246–7, 297, 301, 313–17, 339, 346, 419, 432, 602, 615, 705, 708

Wörlitz gardens 640–41

Worms, bishopric 247, 373, 374, 572

Worms cathedral 248

Worms, concordat (1122) 60–62, 65, 72, 74, 92–3, 190, 712

Worms, duchy 709

Worms, edict (1521) 110, 114, 275

Worms, imperial city: attacked 558; economy 549; emancipation 505, 514, 715; influence 572; Jews in 101, 105, 106, 285; Reichstags at 110, 131, 402–3, 407, 735–6; synod at (1076) 57

Wörringen, battle (1288) 199, 373, 386, 387, 722

Wotan 249, 674

Wroclaw
see
Breslau

Würsten 583

Württemberg: ducal title 363, 722; electoral title 410, 471; expansion 185, 361, 368, 369–70, 594; Estates 524, 530, 531, 533, 534, 538–9, 591, 732; fief-holding 364; French alliance 652–4; and Germany 672; governance 367; identity 676; and imperial courts 557, 632–3, 634–5; influence 556, 563, 573–5, 631, 648, 651, 662, 728; judicial system 538; and monarch 384, 728; monasteries 113, 132, 135; nobles 554, 561, 575; population 496; possessions 650, 659, 661, 664; rebellions 591–2; and Reichstag 413; religion 120, 427, 659; royal title 653, 655, 663; rulers 427, 471, 574; and Russia 155, 649; sequestrated 557; towns 369

Würzburg, bishopric: ducal title 361, 373, 714; Estates 530; fief-holding in 368, 560, 561; governance 517, 561; influence 556; rulers 133, 559–60; secularized 410

Wynfrith
see
St Boniface

Yiddish language 260

York 82

Zachary (d.752), pope from 741 25

Zähringer family 351, 361, 362, 363, 368, 506, 586, 620

Zedler, Johann Heinrich (1706–63) 638–9, 654

Zeeland 185, 186, 200, 386, 725

Zeiler
446

Zeitz, bishopric 85, 201

Zell am Harmersbach, imperial city 545

Znaim 287

Zobel von Giebelstadt, Melchior (1502–58), bishop of Würzburg from 1544 559

Zoe (978–1050), Byzantine empress from 1028 141

Zoe (Sophia) Palaiologina (1440–1503) 152

Zsitva Torok, treaty (1606) 150

Zürich, canton 351, 590

Zürich, city 520, 586, 587, 589

Zütphen 200

Zweibrücken 220, 530, 640, 641

Zwingli, Huldrych (1484–1531) 114, 118, 594