Holy Warriors (65 page)

32.
Hamilton,
Leper King
, pp. 84–94.

33.
William of Tyre, 2.402–4.

34.
Ibn Jubayr,
Travels
, p. 324.

35.
P. W. Edbury, “Propaganda and Faction in the Kingdom of Jerusalem: The Background to Hattin,” in
Crusaders and Muslims in Twelfth Century Syria
, ed. M. Shatzmiller (Leiden, 1993), pp. 173–89.

36.
William of Tyre, 2.460.

37.
Hamilton,
Leper King
, pp. 150–58.

38.
Lyons and Jackson,
Saladin
, pp. 109–10.

39.
Anonymi auctoris chronicon ad A.C. 1234 pertinens
, tr. A. Abouna (Louvain, 1974), p. 141.

40.
Hamilton,
Leper King
, pp. 135–36; Lyons and Jackson,
Saladin
, pp. 123–24.

41.
P. D. Mitchell,
Medicine in the Crusades
, pp. 61–75.

42.
Letter to Louis VII, translation from Hamilton,
Leper King
, p. 140.

43.
Hamilton,
Leper King
, pp. 150–58.

44.
“The Old French Continuation of William of Tyre,” in
The Conquest of Jerusalem and the Third Crusade
, tr. P. W. Edbury (Aldershot, 1996), pp. 43–44; B. Z. Kedar, “The Patriarch Heraclius,” in
Outremer: Studies in the History of the Crusading Kingdom of Jerusalem
, eds. B. Z. Kedar, H. E. Mayer, and R. C. Smail (Jerusalem, 1982), pp. 177–204.

45.
William of Tyre, 2.461.

46.
Lilie,
Byzantium and the Crusader States
, pp. 220–30.

47.
Ibn Jubayr,
Travels
, pp. 51–53; Ibn al-Athir,
Chronicle, Part 2
, pp. 289–90; Hamilton,
Leper King
, pp. 178–85; A. Mallett, “A Trip Down the Red Sea with Reynald of Châtillon,”
Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society
18 (2008), pp. 141–53.

48.
Ibn Jubayr,
Travels
, p. 52.

49.
Hamilton, “Elephant of Christ,” p. 97.

50.
Letter of Imad ad-Din, in Abu Shama, “Le livre des deux jardins,”
Recueil des historiens des croisades: Historiens orientaux
, 5 vols. (Paris, 1872–1906), 4.231–35.

51.
B. Z. Kedar, “The General Tax of 1183 in the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem,”
English Historical Review
89 (1974), pp. 339–45; D. M. Metcalf,
Coinage of the Crusades and the Latin East
(London, 1995), pp. 44, 46–47.

52.
Hamilton,
Leper King
, pp. 193–96.

53.
William of Tyre, 2.498–501.

54.
“Eracles Continuation of William of Tyre,” translation, p. 205; see also “Old French Continuation of William of Tyre,” p. 14.

55.
Alexander III, “Epistolae et privilegia,”
Patrologia Latina
, ed. J. P. Migne, vol. 200, cols. 1294–96.

56.
Phillips,
Defenders
, pp. 253–63; C. J. Tyerman,
England and the Crusades, 1095–1588
(Chicago, 1988), pp. 50–54.

57.
Records of the Templars in England in the Twelfth Century. The Inquest of 1185
, ed. B. A. Lees (London, 1935), p. 163.

58.
Imad ad-Din,
Conquête de la Syrie et de la Palestine par Saladin
, tr. H. Massé (Paris, 1972), pp. 18–19.

59.
“Lyon Eracles,” translated in
The Conquest of Jerusalem
, pp. 154–55.

60.
Roger of Wendover,
The Flowers of History
, tr. J. A. Giles, 2 vols. (London, 1849), 2.59.

61.
“Old French Continuation of William of Tyre,” p. 46.

62.
Ibn al-Athir,
Chronicle, Part 2
, pp. 315–16.

63.
Ibid., p. 316.

64.
For an account of the battle, see
The Conquest of Jerusalem
, pp. 156–57; M. Barber,
The New Knighthood: A History of the Order of the Temple
(Cambridge, 1994), pp. 111–13.

65.
Ibn al-Athir,
Chronicle, Part 2
, p. 320.

66.
The best summary and analysis of the battle is B. Z. Kedar, “The Battle of Hattin Revisited,” in
The Horns of Hattin
, ed. B. Z. Kedar (Jerusalem, 1992), pp. 190–207. See also Beha ad-Din,
Rare and Excellent History
, pp. 72–75; the documents collected in
The Conquest of Jerusalem and the Third Crusade
, tr. P. W. Edbury (Aldershot, 1996), pp. 158–63.

67.
Ibn al-Athir,
Chronicle, Part 2
, p. 321.

68.
“Old French Continuation of William of Tyre,” pp. 38–39.

69.
C. P. Melville and M. C. Lyons, “Saladin’s Hattin Letter,” in
The Horns of Hattin
, ed. B. Z. Kedar, p. 211.

70.
Beha ad-Din,
Rare and Excellent History
, p. 73.

71.
Imad ad-Din,
Conquête
, pp. 25–26.

72.
R. Lewis of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem is conducting a detailed topographical study of the Battle of Hattin.

73.
Ibn al-Athir,
Chronicle, Part 2
, p. 322.

74.
Ibid., p. 323.

75.
Imad ad-Din,
Conquête
, pp. 29–30.

76.
Beha ad-Din,
Rare and Excellent History
, pp. 74–75; “Old French Continuation of William of Tyre,” pp. 47–48.

77.
Peter of Blois, “Passio Reginaldi,” in
Tractatus Duo
, ed. R. B. C. Huygens, Corpus Christianofum Continuatio Mediaevalis 194 (Turnhout, 2002).

78.
Z. Gal, “Saladin’s Dome of Victory at the Horns of Hattin,” in
The Horns of Hattin
, ed. B. Z. Kedar, pp. 213–15.

79.
Imad ad-Din,
Arab Historians of the Crusades
, p. 147.

80.
N. Jaspert, “Zwei unbekannte Hilfsersuchen des Patriarchen Eraclius vor dem Fall Jerusalems (1187),”
Deutsches Archiv
60 (2005), pp. 515–16.

81.
Ibn al-Athir,
Chronicle, Part 2
, p. 332.

82.
There is some disagreement in the sources on the precise sums agreed, but the outline scale is consistent. See Ibn al-Athir,
Chronicle, Part 2
, p. 333; Beha ad-Din,
Rare and Excellent History
, p. 228; “Old French Continuation of William of Tyre,” pp. 59–63.

83.
Ibn al-Athir,
Chronicle, Part 2
, p. 334.

84.
Al-Maqrizi,
A History of the Ayyubid Sultans of Egypt
, tr. R. J. C. Broadhurst (Boston, 1980), pp. 89–90.

85.
Talmon-Heller,
Islamic Piety in Medieval Syria
, pp. 101–2; Hillenbrand,
Crusades: Islamic Perspectives
, pp. 189–91.

86.
The Minbar of Saladin
, ed. L. Singer (London, 2008).

87.
“Old French Continuation of William of Tyre,” p. 64.

88.
Ibid., pp. 77–78.

1.
Beha ad-Din,
Rare and Excellent History of Saladin
, p. 153.

2.
Itinerarium peregrinorum et gesta regis Ricardi
, tr. H. J. Nicholson (Aldershot, 1997), p. 378.

3.
Ibid., p. 367.

4.
Beha ad-Din,
Rare and Excellent History of Saladin
, p. 216.

5.
Gregory VIII,
Audita tremendi
, in Riley-Smith,
Crusades: Idea and Reality
, pp. 64–65.

6.
Bertrand de Born, “Nostre seigner somonis el mezeis,” in
The Poems of the Troubadour Bertran de Born
, eds. and trs. W. D. Paden Jr., T. Sankovitch, and P. H. Stäblein (Berkeley, 1986), no. 36, pp. 384–87.

7.
J. B. Gillingham,
Richard I
(London, 1999), pp. 140–41, 254–68. This is an excellent—and generally very favorable—biography of the king. Similarly positive in tone, and with more of an emphasis on the chivalric context, is J. Flori,
Richard the Lionheart: King and Knight
, tr. J. Birell (Edinburgh, 2006). More critical voices are those of R. V. Turner and R. R. Heiser,
The Reign of Richard the Lionheart: Ruler of the Angevin Empire, 1189–1199
(Harlow, 2000), although this, as the subtitle suggests, is not especially concerned with events on the crusade.

8.
Chrétien de Troyes,
Arthurian Romances
, tr. W. W. Kibler (London, 1991).

9.
J. B. Gillingham, “Richard I and the Science of War,” in
Richard Coeur de Lion: Kingship, Chivalry and War in the Twelfth Century
(London, 1984), pp. 211–26.

10.
Richard’s preparations are expertly covered in C. J. Tyerman,
England and the Crusades
, pp. 59–84.

11.
D. Jacoby, “Conrad of Montferrat and the Kingdom of Jerusalem, 1187–92,” in
Atti del Congresso internazionale “Dai feudi monferrine e dal Piemonte ai nuovi mondi oltre gli Oceani,” Alessandria, 2-6 aprile 1990
, Biblioteca della Società di storia, arte e archeologia per le province di Alessandria e Asti, 27 (Alessandria, 1993), pp. 187–238.

12.
Itinerarium peregrinorum
, p. 42.

13.
Ibid., p. 73.

14.
Lyons and Jackson,
Saladin
, pp. 298–330; for the details of the Muslim camp, see p. 329; Gillingham,
Richard I
, pp. 155–71.

15.
Ibn Jubayr,
Travels
, pp. 54–55; Lyons and Jackson,
Saladin
, pp. 97–253.

16.
“The Old French Continuation of William of Tyre,” p. 89.

17.
Beha ad-Din,
Rare and Excellent History of Saladin
, p. 106.

18.
Al-Fadil quoted in Lyons and Jackson, Saladin, p. 313.

19.
Beha ad-Din,
Rare and Excellent History of Saladin
, pp. 100–1.

20.
Itinerarium peregrinorum
, p. 122.

21.
Abu Shama, “Le livre des deux Jardins,” vol. 4, p. 436.

22.
Beha ad-Din,
Rare and Excellent History of Saladin
, pp. 144–45.

23.
Ibid., pp. 147–48.

24.
Roger of Howden,
Gesta
, tr. Gillingham,
Richard I
, p. 131.

25.
Beha ad-Din,
Rare and Excellent History of Saladin
, p. 146.

26.
Flori,
Richard the Lionheart
, pp. 401–6, discusses Richard and the Arthur legend.

27.
Roger of Howden,
Gesta
, pp. 146–47.

28.
Letter of Richard to the justiciar of England, August 1191,
The Conquest of Jerusalem
, p. 179.

29.
“Eracles Continuation of William of Tyre,”
The Conquest of Jerusalem
, p. 178.

30.
Ambroise,
The History of the Holy War: Ambroise’s Estoire de la Guerre Sainte
, ed. and tr. M. Ailesard M. C. Barber, vols. (Woodbridge, 2003) p. 95.

31.
Richard of Devizes,
The Chronicle of Richard of Devizes of the Time of King Richard the First
, ed. and tr. J. T. Appleby (London, 1963), p. 39.

32.
Beha ad-Din,
Rare and Excellent History of Saladin
, p. 150.

33.
Ambroise,
History of the Holy War
, pp. 95–102.

34.
Ibid., p. 102.

35.
Beha ad-Din,
Rare and Excellent History of Saladin
, p. 161;
Itinerarium peregrinorum
, pp. 218–20.

36.
Beha ad-Din,
Rare and Excellent History of Saladin
, p. 161.

37.
Richard of Devizes,
Chronicle of Richard of Devizes
, pp. 46–47.

38.
Rigord,
Histoire de Philippe Auguste
, eds. and trs. E. Carpentier, G. Pon, and Y. Chauvin (Paris, 2006), pp. 303–7; J. Bradbury,
Philip Augustus: King of France, 1180–1223
(London, 1998), pp. 76–97.

39.
Itinerarium peregrinorum
, p. 223.

40.
See, for example, the comments by Tariq Ali in
Richard the Lionheart and Saladin: Holy Warriors
, BBC2, March 26, 2005.

41.
Beha ad-Din,
Rare and Excellent History of Saladin
, pp. 164–65.

42.
Gillingham,
Richard I
, pp. 167–71. See also Richard’s own letter,
The Conquest of Jerusalem
, pp. 179–81. This issue is discussed by Flori,
Richard the Lionheart
, pp. 360–61.

43.
Beha ad-Din,
Rare and Excellent History of Saladin
, pp. 168–70.

44.
Ambroise,
History of the Holy War
, p. 110.

45.
Ibid.

46.
Ibid., p. 117; see also Beha ad-Din,
Rare and Excellent History of Saladin
, p. 170.

47.
Ibid., p. 175.

48.
Ambroise,
History of the Holy War
, p. 120; Beha ad-Din,
Rare and Excellent History of Saladin
, p. 223.

49.
Ambroise,
History of the Holy War
, p. 120.

50.
Ibid., p. 127.

51.
Beha ad-Din,
Rare and Excellent History of Saladin
, p. 193.

52.
Ambroise,
History of the Holy War
, p. 135.

53.
P. W. Edbury,
The Kingdom of Cyprus and the Crusades, 1191–1374
(Cambridge, 1991), pp. 27–29.

54.
Ambroise,
History of the Holy War
, pp. 153–54.

55.
Ibid., p. 162.

56.
Beha ad-Din,
Rare and Excellent History of Saladin
, p. 210.

57.
Ambroise,
History of the Holy War
, p. 172.

58.
Beha ad-Din,
Rare and Excellent History of Saladin
, pp. 222–23.

59.
Itinerarium peregrinorum
, p. 355.