Holy Warriors (69 page)

1.
Thomas Fuller quoted in R. Ellenblum,
Crusader Castles and Modern Histories
(Cambridge, 2007), p. 5.

2.
Ibid., pp. 5–6.

3.
Voltaire, taken from K. Munholland, “Michaud’s History of the Crusades and the French Crusade in Algeria Under Louis-Philippe,” in
The Popularisation of Images: Visual Culture Under the July Monarchy
, eds. P. ten-Doesschate Chu and G. P. Weis-berg (Princeton, 1994), p. 145; Dickson,
Children’s Crusade
, pp. 233–34; R. Irwin,
For Lust of Knowing: The Orientalists and Their Enemies
(London, 2006), p. 117.

4.
Heller in Ellenblum,
Crusader Castles
, p. 8.

5.
Ralph Waldo Emerson cited in Constable, “Historiography of the Crusades,” p. 8.

6.
S. Runciman,
A History of the Crusades
(London, 1951–54), 3.480.

7.
Ibid., 2.48.

8.
M. Bloch,
The Historian’s Craft
, fifth edition (Paris, 1964).

9.
This paragraph is drawn from E. Siberry,
The New Crusaders: Images of the Crusades in the 19th and 20th Centuries
(Aldershot, 2000), pp. 112–30. On Scott, see also M. Girouard,
The Return to Camelot: Chivalry and the English Gentleman
(London, 1981), pp. 29–54.

10.
Siberry,
New Crusaders
, pp. 114–15.

11.
W. Scott,
The Talisman
, (London, 1832), p. 2.

12.
J. S. C. Riley-Smith, “Islam and the Crusades in History,” in
Crusades
2 (2003), p. 154.

13.
Scott,
The Talisman
, p. 18.

14.
Ibid., p. 75.

15.
Ibid., p. 70.

16.
Ibid., p. 35.

17.
Ibid., p. 89; see also p. 125.

18.
Siberry,
New Crusaders
, pp. 175–87.

19.
E. Bar-Yosef,
The Holy Land in English Culture, 1799–1917: Palestine and the Question of Orientalism
(Oxford, 2005), pp. 18–181; Siberry,
New Crusaders
, pp. 64–72; Scott,
The Talisman
, pp. 1–2.

20.
Dickson,
Children’s Crusade
, pp. 173–74.

21.
Munholland, “Michaud’s History of the Crusades,” pp. 144–65; Ellenblum,
Crusader Castles
, pp. 18–23. See the similar comments of M. Jubb,
The Legend of Saladin in Western Literature and Historiography
(Lewiston, NY, 2000), pp. 197–206.

22.
For a sophisticated demolition of “ethnic nationalism” in the medieval period and a view on the construction of modern “national” identities, see P. J. Geary,
The Myth of Nations: The Medieval Origins of Europe
(Princeton, 2002), pp. 15–40.

23.
Michaud,
Histoire des croisades
(1825), 1.510, 522–24, taken from Munholland, “Michaud’s History of the Crusades,” p. 150.

24.
J.-F. Michaud and J.-J. Pujoulet,
Correspondance d’Orient
, 7 vols. (Paris, 1833–35), 1.2. At times Michaud’s letters are an almost endless list of excited reports of sites he has seen that were connected to the history of the crusades; ibid., 1.23–25, 28, 67, 69, etc.

25.
Munholland, “Michaud’s History of the Crusades,” pp. 159–64; Siberry,
New Crusaders
, pp. 169–70, 208–11.

26.
C. Constans,
Musée national du château de Versailles: Les peintures
, 3 vols. (Paris, 1995).

27.
Taken from Munholland, “Michaud’s History of the Crusades,” p. 164.

28.
Siberry,
New Crusaders
, p. 52; R.-H. Bautier, “La collection de chartes de croisade dite ‘Collection Courtois’,” in
Comptes-rendus des séances de l’Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres
(1956), pp. 382–85.

29.
G. Degeorge,
Damascus
(Paris, 2004), pp. 218–27.

30.
Cited in ibid., p. 224.

31.
A. Knobler, “Holy Wars, Empires, and the Portability of the Past: The Modern Uses of Medieval Crusades,” in
Comparative Studies in Society and History
48 (2006), p. 296; Siberry,
New Crusaders
, p. 83.

32.
Siberry,
New Crusaders
, p. 83.

33.
P. Pic,
Syrie et Palestine
(Paris, 1924), p. vii.

34.
Cited by Riley-Smith, “Islam and the Crusades in History,” p. 158. In this connection, see also E. Sivan, “Modern Arab Historiography of the Crusades,” in
Asian and African Studies
8 (1972), pp. 117–19.

35.
C. Duggan,
The Force of Destiny: A History of Italy Since 1796
(London, 2007), esp. pp. 125–33.

36.
Ibid., p. 126.

37.
J. Mazzini,
Mazzini’s Letters
, tr. A. De Rosen Jervis (London, 1930), pp. x–xi, 172–73.

38.
Siberry,
New Crusaders
, pp. 135–36.

39.
Duggan,
Force of Destiny
, pp. 171–72.

40.
Ellenblum,
Crusader Castles
, pp. 26–27; for Godfrey’s status as a crusading hero, see Siberry,
New Crusaders
.

41.
Knobler, “Holy Wars,” pp. 297–98.

42.
R. A. Fletcher,
The Search for El Cid
(London, 1989).

43.
J. M. Sanchez,
The Spanish Civil War as a Religious Tragedy
(Notre Dame, 1987), pp. 152–53.

44.
P. Preston,
Franco: A Biography
(London, 1993); M. Vincent, “The Martyrs and the Saints: Masculinity and the Construction of the Francoist Crusade,” in
History Workshop Journal
47 (1999), pp. 69–98; S. G. Payne,
The Franco Regime, 1936–1975
(London, 2000), esp. pp. 197–208; N. Cooper, “The Church: From Crusade to Christianity,” in
Spain in Crisis: The Evolution and Decline of the Franco Regime
, ed. P. Preston (Hassocks, 1976), pp. 48–81; Sanchez,
The Spanish Civil War as a Religious Tragedy
, pp. 91, 152–56.

45.
M. Vincent,
Catholicism in the Second Spanish Republic: Religion and Politics in Salamanca, 1930–1936
(Oxford, 1996), pp. 248–9.

46.
Preston,
Franco
, pp. 184–85; Vincent, “The Martyrs and the Saints,” p. 72.

47.
Preston,
Franco
, p. 290.

48.
Ibid., p. 291.

49.
Ibid., p. 351.

50.
Ibid., pp. 640–41; Fletcher,
Quest for El Cid
, pp. 201–5.

51.
O. Anderson, “The Reactions of Church and Dissent Towards the Crimean War,” in
Journal of Ecclesiastical History
16 (1965), pp. 209–20; Siberry,
New Crusaders
, pp. 83–84.

52.
R. Jenkins,
Gladstone
(London, 1995), p. 400.

53.
Ibid., p. 403.

54.
R. T. Shannon,
Gladstone and the Bulgarian Agitation, 1876
, second edition (Hassocks, 1975), pp. 80–81, 187–88, 213, 217.

55.
Ibid., p. 187, n. 2.

56.
Knobler, “Holy Wars,” pp. 310–13.

57.
Cramb cited in Knobler, “Holy Wars,” p. 315.

58.
A. Marrin,
The Last Crusade: The Church of England in the First World Aar
(Durham, 1974); Girouard,
Return to Camelot
, pp. 275–93.

59.
A. Horne,
Macmillan: 1894–1956
(London, 1988), pp. 39–40; see also pp. 131, 307. Grateful thanks to my father for finding these references.

60.
Siberry,
New Crusaders
, p. 91.

61.
Note that Pershing himself did not describe his campaign in France in such terms, although he did refer to it as “this great war for civilization.” See J. J. Pershing,
My Experiences in the World War
, 2 vols. (New York, 1931), 1.45.

62.
S. Goebel,
The Great War and Medieval Memory: War, Remembrance and Medievalism in Britain and Germany, 1914–1940
(Cambridge, 2006), pp. 127–47.

63.
Ibid.

64.
R. F. Eldridge, “The Crusaders’ Monument,” in
The Carthusian
(June 1916), p. 608. I am grateful to Reverend William Lane for this reference.

65.
Siberry,
New Crusaders
, p. 92.

66.
Ibid., pp. 94–97; Knobler, “Holy Wars,” pp. 315–16.

67.
Bar-Yosef,
The Holy Land in English Culture
, p. 249.

68.
Ibid., pp. 251–53.

69.
Ibid., p. 249.

70.
Ibid., pp. 251–64.

71.
Ibid., p. 264.

72.
Ibid., p. 267.

73.
V. Gilbert,
The Romance of the Last Crusade: With Allenby to Jerusalem
(New York, 1923), the scene mentioned here at pp. 204–16.

74.
Ibid., pp. 116, 171.

75.
Bar-Yosef,
The Holy Land in English Culture
, p. 293.

76.
Siberry,
New Crusaders
, pp. 99–100; Goebel,
Great War and Medieval Memory
, p. 91.

77.
Dickson,
Children’s Crusade
, p. 194.

78.
Siberry,
New Crusaders
, p. 103.

79.
Goebel,
Great War and Medieval Memory
, pp. 300–1.

80.
K. Vonnegut,
Slaughterhouse-Five, or The Children’s Crusade: A Duty Dance with Death
(New York, 1969), p. 77.

81.
Cited in M. Burleigh,
Germany Turns Eastwards
(Cambridge, 1988), p. 6.

82.
M. G. Carpenter,
The Crusade: Its Origins and Development at Washington Court House and Its Results
(Columbus, 1893), p. 20.

83.
M. Perry,
The Jarrow Crusade: Protest and Legend
(Sunderland, 2005), esp. pp. 153–57.

84.
Ibid., p. 154.

85.
Ibid., pp. 171–82.

86.
This paragraph is a summary of F. C. R. Robinson, “Other-Worldly and This-Worldly Islam and the Islamic Revival. A Memorial Lecture for Wilfred Cantwell Smith,” in
Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society
, Series 3 (2004), pp. 50–51.

87.
R. Irwin, “Islam and the Crusades, 1096–1699,” in
The Oxford Illustrated History of the Crusades
, pp. 250–57.

88.
J. Miot,
Memoirs of My Service in the French Expedition to Egypt and Syria
(Paris, 1997), p. 13.

89.
J. T. Johnson,
The Holy War Idea in Western and Islamic Traditions
(University Park, PA, 1997), p. 165.

90.
J. C. G. Röhl,
Wilhelm II: The Kaiser’s Personal Monarchy, 1888–1900
(Cambridge, 2004), pp. 944–54.

91.
J. S. C. Riley-Smith,
The Crusades, Christianity and Islam
(New York, 2008), pp. 63–64.

92.
M. C. Lyons, “The Crusading Stratum in the Arabic Hero Cycles,” in
Crusaders and Muslims in Twelfth-Century Syria
, ed. M. Shatzmiller (Leiden, 1993), pp. 147–61; M. C. Lyons,
The Arabic Epic: Heroic and Oral Storytelling
, vols. (Cambridge, 1995), esp. 1.1–28, 105–7. For a vivid background to storytelling, see R. Irwin,
The Arabian Nights: A Companion
(London, 1994), pp. 103–19; for the western travelers, see A. Russell,
The Natural History of Aleppo
, 2 vols. (London, 1794), 1.148–49; E. W. Lane,
An Account of the Manners and Customs of the Modern Egyptians
(London, 1860), pp. 360–91. For the Sirat al-Zahir Baibars, see M. C. Lyons, “The Sirat Baibars,” in
Orientalia Hispanica
, ed. F. Pareja Casanas (Leiden, 1974), pp. 490–503.

93.
Sivan, “Modern Arab Historiography of the Crusades,” pp. 109–49.

94.
A Özcan,
Pan-Islamism: Indian Muslims, the Ottomans and Britain (1877–1924)
(Leiden, 1997), pp. 61–63.

95.
R. Peters,
Jihad in Classical and Modern Islam: A Reader
(Princeton, 1996), pp. 56–57.

96.
J. L. Gelvin,
Divided Loyalties: Nationalism and Mass Politics in Syria at the Close of Empire
(Berkeley, 1998), pp. 254–55.

97.
Ibid., pp. 2–3.

98.
President Gamal Abdel-Nasser’s Speeches and Press Interviews 1958
(Cairo, 1959), p. 63.

99.
Ibid., p. 18;
President Gamal Abdel-Nasser’s Speeches and Press Interviews 1959
(Cairo, 1960), p. 382.

100.
President Gamal Abdel-Nasser’s Speeches and Press Interviews
1959, pp. 140–41, 217–18.

101.
Ibid., pp. 217–18.

102.
Ibid., pp. 382–83, 427–28.

103.
N. Rejwan,
Nasserist Ideology: Its Exponents and Critics
(Jerusalem, 1974), pp. 21–22.

104.
President Gamal Abdel-Nasser’s Speeches and Press Interviews 1959
, pp. 428–29.

105.
Ibid., p. 429.

106.
Ibid.

107.
J. Aberth,
A Knight at the Movies: Medieval History on Film
(London, 2003), pp. 91–107; J. M. Ganim, “Reversing the Crusades: Hegemony, Orientalism, and Film Language in Youssef Chahine’s
Saladin,”
in
Race, Class and Gender in “Medieval” Cinema
, eds. L. T. Ramey and T. Pugh (Basingstoke, 2007), pp. 45–58; P. B. Sturtevant, “SaladiNasser: Nasser’s Political Crusade in El Naser Salah Ad-Din,” in
Hollywood in the Holy Land: Essays on Film Depictions of the Crusades and Christian–Muslim Clashes
, eds. N. Haydock and E. L. Risden (Jefferson, NC, 2009), pp. 123–46.

108.
Aberth,
Knight at the Movies
, p. 104.

109.
Ibid., p. 103.

110.
Speech by President Anwar el Sadat to the Knesset, 20 November 1977
(Cairo, 1978), p. 20.