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111.
M. Ma’oz,
Asad: The Sphinx of Damascus—A Political Biography
(New York, 1988).

112.
Hillenbrand,
Crusades: Islamic Perspectives
, pp. 595–600.

113.
Ma’oz,
Asad: The Sphinx of Damascus
, p. 45.

114.
Ibid., pp. 44–45.

115.
O. Bengio,
Saddam’s Word: Political Discourse in Iraq
(Oxford, 1998), pp. 171–75.

116.
Johnson,
Holy War Idea
, p. 166.

117.
J. E. Carter,
Keeping Faith: Memoirs of a President
(New York, 1982), pp. 267–409.

118.
Peters,
Jihad
, p. 158.

119.
J. J. G. Jansen,
The Neglected Duty: The Creed of Sadat’s Assassins and the Islamic Resurgence in the Middle East
(New York, 1986).

120.
Ibid.

121.
Osama bin Laden,
Messages to the World: The Statements of Osama bin Laden
, ed. B. Lawrence, tr. J. Howarth (London, 2005), p. 28.

122.
Awan, “Virtual Propagation of Jihadist Media and Its Effects,” in
RUSI Journal
152 (2007), pp. 76–81.

123.
Osama bin Laden,
Messages to the World
, pp. 5, 9, 11, 26, 42, 61, 80, 118, 229, 249–50.

124.
Ibid., p. xvii.

125.
Ibid., for example, pp. 25, 108.

126.
Ibid., p. 121.

127.
Ibid., pp. 121–22.

128.
Ibid., p. 121.

129.
Ibid., pp. xxi–xxiii.

Conclusion: In the Shadow of the Crusades

1.
Matthew Paris,
The Illustrated Chronicles of Matthew Paris: Observations of Thirteenth-Century Life
, tr. R. Vaughan (Stroud, 1993), p. 100.

2.
Cited in
The Fourth Crusade: Event, Aftermath and Perceptions
, ed. T. F. Madden (Aldershot, 2008), pp. vii–viii.

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