Human Trafficking Around the World (85 page)

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Authors: Stephanie Hepburn

Tags: #LAW026000, #Law/Criminal Law, #POL011000, #Political Science/International Relations/General

BOOK: Human Trafficking Around the World
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,
66–67
Errázuriz, Francisco Javier,
332
Errázuriz Ovalle Vineyards and Fruit SA,
332
Eshe (victim),
15
Estelle (child soldier),
115
,
119
Ethiopia,
63
,
66–67
,
137
,
148
,
273
Europe: as destination,
139–40
; forced labor and debt bondage,
226
; human trafficking,
46
,
69
,
97
,
122
,
148
,
186–87
,
200
,
238–39
,
286
,
379–80
,
418
; sex trafficking,
303
.
See also specific countries by name
European Commission (EC),
189
European Convention on Human Rights,
174
,
191
European Court of Human Rights,
174
,
191–92
,
405
European G6 Initiative Against Human Trafficking,
328
European Union (EU),
150
,
189
,
341
,
354
,
355
; anti-trafficking efforts,
328
; Schengen Area,
7–8
,
353–54
Europol,
328
Eva (human trafficking victim),
316–17
exploitation of workers.
See
forced labor
Ezeilo, Joy Ngozi,
49
,
56
,
59
,
61
,
93
,
344
,
354
,
357
,
365–66
,
436
,
438
Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA),
32–33
FARC.
See
Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia
fast-track immigration,
321–22
Fayyaz, Muhammad,
202
fear,
371
,
384–85
,
391
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) (U.S.),
32
Federation of Trade Unions–Burma,
443n3
Feingold, David A.,
75
female-headed families,
150
.
See also
women and children
femicide,
373
,
389–90
FEVIMTRA.
See
Specialized Prosecutorial Unit for Violent Crimes against Women and Human Trafficking
fictitious marriage,
341–42
Fiji,
85–86
financial compensation to victims.
See
victim assistance
fines and penalties: average penalty for convicted traffickers,
325–26
; for child sex tourism,
300–301
; for human trafficking,
193
,
264
,
289
,
302
,
308
,
325–26
,
333
,
366–67
,
383
,
405
; for prostitution advertising,
106–7
; sanctions against nations,
4–5
; for sex trafficking,
336–37
Finland,
85–86
,
360
Five Star Contractors, LLC,
22
t
floods,
222
Flores Carreto, Gerardo,
376
,
378
Flores Carreto, Josué,
376
,
377
Florida,
19
food service industry,
276
forced abortion,
377
forced begging,
276
,
357
,
360–61
,
393
,
400
forced labor,
2
,
429–30
; bait-and-switch,
15–16
; child labor,
2
,
14
,
134
,
219–20
,
220–21
,
242
,
275–76
,
276–77
; child soldiers,
7
,
115–16
,
118–19
,
123–24
,
135
; child trafficking for,
241
; by contractors and subcontractors,
138–39
,
144–45
; debt bondage,
3
,
429–30
; definition of,
195
; domestic (
see
domestic servitude); efforts to decrease,
58–59
,
70
; foreign workers,
11–12
,
76–77
; global estimates,
1
; indentured servitude,
2
; male victims,
14
; migrant workers,
11
,
12
; prosecutions and convictions of traffickers,
233–34
,
313–14
,
422–23
; recruiting fees,
2
,
3
; as rehabilitation,
256–57
; rights of victims of,
347–48
; for sexual exploitation,
1
,
2
,
16–17
,
341–42
; state-imposed,
1
; trafficking for,
2
,
8–9
,
436–37
; what happens to victims,
435–36
,
436–37
.
See also
involuntary servitude;
specific countries of interest
“Forced Labour Today—Empowering Trafficked Persons” project,
347
forced marriage,
95
,
117
,
136
,
202
,
203–4
,
258–59
,
259–60
; children of,
262–63
; trafficking for,
276
;
ukuthwala
,
276–77
forced migration,
155–56
forced prostitution: punishment for,
208
; trafficking for,
325–26
,
357
; what happens to victims,
435
.
See also specific countries of interest
foreign workers,
11–12
; exploitation of,
76–77
; protection of,
369
; vulnerability of,
431–32
The Forum
,
6
foster care,
143
“457 visa” workers,
312–13
Frago
242
,
131–32
France: anti-immigration measures,
174
; anti-pimping laws,
193
; anti-trafficking law,
195
; anti-trafficking measures,
174
,
186
,
193
,
195
,
196
; Central Office for the Suppression of Trafficking in Human Beings (OCRTEH),
195
; Criminal Code,
186
; deportation of Roma from,
8
,
174
,
188–89
,
190
,
196
,
434
; as destination,
186–90
; forced labor,
187
,
188
,
194
,
195
,
360
; forced prostitution,
417–18
; guidelines for identifying victims,
192
; human trafficking,
181
,
186–96
,
203
,
360
,
402–4
,
417–18
; immigration policy,
174
,
186
,
193
,
196
; Internal Security Act,
191
; Office for the Prosecution of Illegal Labor (OCLTI),
193–94
; and Palermo Protocol,
3–4
; Penal Code,
186
; prostitution,
188
,
195–96
; residence permits,
190–91
; Roma camps,
190
; safeguards for victims of human trafficking,
174
; sex tourists,
83–84
; sex trafficking,
188
; shelters,
190–91
; transit zones (
zone d’attente
),
174
,
192
; unaccompanied children,
192
; what happens to traffickers,
193–94
; what happens to victims,
190–93
Francisco (child victim),
330
,
333
fraud,
250
Fredi Garcia et al. v. Audubon Communities Management, LLC et al
.,
22
t
“free passes,”
308
freedom of movement,
190
,
205–6
French Guiana,
417–18
Friends-International,
84
Fugitive Operations Program,
40
,
43
,
442n19
fugitives,
40–41
Fund for Protection and Assistance to Victims of Trafficking in Persons Crimes (Mexico),
389
Gabon,
243–44
gangs,
277
Garba, Oumarou,
241–42
Garcia, Fredi,
22
t
garment industry,
187
gatos
(middlemen) (Brazil),
415
,
423
Gaza Strip,
94
,
104
gender apartheid,
197–98
,
205–6
,
211
,
435
gender bias,
8–9
,
435–36
gender-based discrimination,
79–80
General Law to Prevent, Punish and Eradicate Trafficking in Persons Crimes and for the Protection and Assistance of Victims of These Crimes (Mexico),
373
geographic location,
7–8
Georgia,
137
,
402–4
Germany: anti-trafficking law,
296–97
,
340
,
344
; border checks,
354
; child prostitution,
340–41
; child sex tourism,
343
,
349
; child trafficking,
340
; counseling centers,
345
; Crime Victims’ Compensation Act (Opferentschädigungsgesetz),
347
; as destination,
341–43
; forced labor,
341
,
342
,
343–44
,
349–50
; forced prostitution,
417–18
; Government Assisted Repatriation Program,
345–46
; human trafficking,
203
,
296–97
,
340–50
,
356
,
360
,
361–62
,
402
,
403–4
; labor trafficking,
343–44
,
348
; 2005 Offenses Against Personal Freedom Amendment,
340–41

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