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Authors: Eric R. Kandel

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Lorenz, K. Z.
The Foundations of Ethology.
New York: Springer Verlag, 1981.

Martin, K. C., D. Michael, J. C. Rose, M. Barad, A. Casadio, H. Zhu, and E. R. Kandel. “MAP kinase translocates into the nucleus of the presynaptic cell and is required for long-term facilitation in
Aplysia.” Neuron
18 (1997): 899–912.

Martin, K. C., A. Casadio, H. Zhu, E. Yaping, J. Rose, C. H. Bailey, M. Chen, and E. R. Kandel. “Synapse-specific transcription-dependent long-term facilitation of the sensory to motor neuron connection in
Aplysia
: A function for local protein synthesis in memory storage.”
Cell
91 (1997): 927–38.

Mayford, M., A. Barzilai, F. Keller, S. Schacher, and E. R. Kandel. “Modulation of an NCAM-related adhesion molecule with long-term synaptic plasticity in
Aplysia.” Science
256 (1992): 638–44.

Montarolo, P. G., P. Goelet, V. F. Castellucci, J. Morgan, E. R. Kandel, and S. Schacher. “A critical period for macromolecular synthesis in long-term heterosynaptic facilitation in
Aplysia.” Science
234 (1986): 1249–54.

Montminy, M. R., K. A. Sevarino, J. A. Wagner, G. Mandel, and R. H. Goodman. “Identification of a cyclic-AMP-responsive element within the rat somatostatin gene.”
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
83, no. 18 (1986): 6682–86.

Prusiner, S. B. “Prions.”
Les Prix Nobel/The Nobel Prizes
, edited by Nobel Foundation. Stockholm: Almquist & Wiksell International, 1997.

Rayport, S. G., and S. Schacher. “Synaptic plasticity
in vitro
: Cell culture of identified
Aplysia
neurons mediating short-term habituation and sensitization.”
J. Neurosci.
6 (1986): 759–63.

Schacher, S., V. F. Castellucci, and E. R. Kandel. “cAMP evokes long-term facilitation in
Aplysia
sensory neurons that requires new protein synthesis.”
Science
240 (1988): 1667–69.

Si, K., M. Giustetto, A. Etkin, R. Hsu, A. M. Janisiewicz, M. C. Miniaci, J.-H. Kim, H. Zhu, and E. R. Kandel. “A neuronal isoform of CPEB regulates local protein synthesis and stabilizes synapse-specific long-term facilitation in
Aplysia.” Cell
115 (2003): 893–904.

Si, K., S. Lindquist, and E. R. Kandel. “A neuronal isoform of the
Aplysia
CPEB has prion-like properties.”
Cell
115 (2003): 879–91.

Steward, O., and E. M. Schuman. “Protein synthesis at synaptic sites on dendrites.”
Annu. Rev. Neurosci.
24 (2001): 299–325.

20: A Return to Complex Memory

 

Virginia Woolf wrote about memories of her mother in “Sketches of the Past,” which was reprinted in J. Schulkind, ed.,
Moments of Being
(New York: Harcourt Brace, 1985), p. 98; and is cited in S. Nalbation,
Memory in Literature: Rousseau to Neuroscience
(New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003).

Christof Koch quotes Tennessee Williams’s
The Milk Train Doesn’t Stop Here Anymore
on p. 187 of
The Quest for Consciousness: A Neurobiological Approach
(Englewood, Col.: Roberts, 2004).

The first description of place cells is in J. O’Keefe and J. Dostrovsky. “The hippocampus as a spatial map. Preliminary evidence from unit activity in the freely-moving rat.”
Brain Res
. 34, no. 1 (1971): 171–75.

For an excellent review of long-term potentiation, see T. Bliss, G. Collingridge, and R. Morris, eds.,
LTP: Long-Term Potentiation
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003). Among the many illuminating articles in this volume are P. Andersen, “A prelude to long-term potentiation” R. Malinow, “AMPA receptor trafficking and long-term potentiation” R. G. M. Morris, “Long-term potentiation and memory” and R. A. Nicoll, “Expression mechanisms underlying long-term potentiation: a postsynaptic view.”

Other information for this chapter was drawn from the following:

 

 

Baudry, M., R. Siman, E. K. Smith, and G. Lynch. “Regulation by calcium ions of glutamate receptor binding in hippocampal slices.”
Euro. J. Pharmacol.
90, no. 2–3 (1983): 161–68.

Bliss, T. V., and T. Lømo. “Long-lasting potentiation of synaptic transmission in the dentate gyrus of the anesthethized rabbit following stimulation of the perforant path.”
J. Physiol.
232 (1973): 331–56.

Collingridge, G. L., S. J. Kehl, and H. McLennan. “Excitatory amino acids in synaptic transmission in the Schaffer collateral-commissural pathway of the rat hippocampus.”
J. Physiol.
(London) 334 (1983): 33–46.

Curtis, D. R., J. W. Phillis, and J. C. Watkins. “The chemical excitation of spinal neurons by certain acidic amino acids.”
J. Physiol.
150 (1960): 656–82.

Eccles, J. C.
The Physiology of Synapses.
Berlin: Springer Verlag, 1964.

Hebb, D. O.
The Organization of Behavior: A Neuropsychological Theory.
New York: Wiley, 1949; quotation from p. 62.

Nowak, L., P. Bregestovski, P. Ascher, A. Herbet, and A. Prochiantz. “Magnesium gates glutamate-activated channels in mouse central neurons.”
Nature
307 (1984): 462–65.

O’Dell, T. J., S. G. N. Grant, K. Karl, P. M. Soriano, and E. R. Kandel. “Pharmacological and genetic approaches to the analysis of tyrosine kinase function in long-term potentiation.” Cold Spring Harbor Symp.
Quant. Biol.
57 (1992): 517–26.

Roberts, P. J., and J. C. Watkins. “Structural requirements for inhibition for L-glutamate uptake by glia and nerve endings.”
Brain Res.
85, no. 1 (1975): 120–25.

Schacter, D. L.
Searching for Memory: The Brain, the Mind and the Past.
New York: Basic Books, 1996.

Spencer, W. A. and E. R. Kandel. “Electrophysiology of hippocampal neurons. IV: Fast prepotentials.”
J Neurophysiol
. 24 (1961): 272–85.

Westbrook, G. L., and M. L. Mayer. “Glutamate currents in mammalian spinal neurons resolution of a paradox.”
Brain Res
. 301, no. 2 (1984): 375–79.

21: Synapses Also Hold Our Fondest Memories

 

Methods for developing genetically modified mice are described in R. L. Brinster and R. D. Palmiter. “Induction of foreign genes in animals.”
Trends Biochem. Sci.
7 (1982): 438–40; and M. R. Capecchi, “High-efficiency transformation by direct microinjection of DNA into cultured mammalian cells.”
Cell
22, no. 2 (1980): 479–88.

The first reports of the effects of gene knockout in LTP and spatial memory are in S. G. N. Grant, T. J. O’Dell, K. A. Karl, P. L. Stein, P. Soriano, and E. R. Kandel, “Impaired long-term potentiation, spatial learning, and hippocampal development in fyn mutant mice.”
Science
258 (1992): 1903–10; A. J. Silva, R. Paylor, J. M. Wehner, and S. Tonegawa, “Impaired spatial learning in alpha-calcium-calmodulin kinase II mutant mice.”
Science
257 (1992): 206–11.

The collaborative experiments with Steven Siegelbaum, also referred to in chapter 9, were carried out by Matt Nolan and Josh Dudman. The experiments are described in: M. F. Nolan, G. Malleret, J. T. Dudman, D. Buhl, B. Santoro, E. Gibbs, S. Vronskaya, G. Buzsáki, S. A. Siegelbaum, E. R. Kandel, and A. Morozov, “A behavioral role for dendritic integration: HCN1 channels constrain spatial memory and plasticity at inputs to distal dendrites of CA1 pyramidal neurons.”
Cell
119 (2004): 719–32.

Other information for this chapter was drawn from the following:

 

 

Mayford, M., T. Abel, and E. R. Kandel. “Transgenic approaches to cognition.”
Curr. Opin. Neurobiol.
5 (1995): 141–48.

Mayford, M., M. E. Bach, Y.-Y. Huang, L. Wang, R. D. Hawkins, and E. R. Kandel. “Control of memory formation through regulated expression of a CaMLIIα transgene.”
Science
274 (1996): 1678–83.

Mayford, M., D. Baranes, K. Podyspanina, and E. R. Kandel. “The 3’-untranslated region of CaMLIIα is a cis-acting signal for the localization and translation of mRNA in dendrites.”
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
93 (1996): 13250–55.

Silva, A. J., C. F. Stevens, S. Tonegawa, and Y. Wang. “Deficient hippocampal long-term potentiation in alpha-calcium-calmodulin kinase-II mutant mice.”
Science
257 (1992): 201–6.

Tsien, J. Z., D. F. Chen, D. Gerber, C. Tom, E. H. Mercer, D. J. Anderson, M. Mayford, E. R. Kandel, and S. Tonegawa. “Subregion and cell-type restricted gene knockout in mouse brain.”
Cell
87 (1996): 1317–26.

Tsien, J. Z., P. T. Huerta, and S. Tonegawa. “The essential role of hippocampal CA1 NMDA receptor-dependent synaptic plasticity in spatial memory.”
Cell
87 (1996): 1327–38.

22: The Brain’s Picture of the External World

 

For a neurologist’s perspective on cognition, see S. Freud,
The Interpretation of Dreams
, 1900 (reprint, London: Hogarth, 1953); and O. Sacks,
The Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat
(New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1985).

For a perspective on cognitive psychology, see G. A. Miller,
Psychology: The Science of Mental Life
(New York: Harper & Row, 1962); and U. Neisser,
Cognitive Psychology
(New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1967), quotation from p. 3.

For reviews of the work of Mountcastle, Hubel, and Wiesel, see D. H. Hubel and T. N. Wiesel,
Brain and Visual Perception
(New York: Oxford University Press, 2005); V. B. Mountcastle, “Central nervous mechanisms in mechanoreceptive sensibility,” in
Handbook of Physiology
. Section 1,
The Nervous System
. Vol. 3,
Sensory Processes
, Part 2, 789–878, ed. I. Darian Smith (Bethesda, Md.: American Physiological Society, 1984); and V. B. Mountcastle, “The view from within: Pathways to the study of perception,”
Johns Hopkins Med J
. 136, no. 3 (1975): 109–31, quotation from p. 109 (original italics).

Other information for this chapter was drawn from the following:

 

 

Evarts, E. V. “Pyramidal tract activity associated with a conditioned hand movement in the monkey.”
J. Neurophysiol.
29 (1966): 1011–27.

Gregory, R. L., ed.
The Oxford Companion to the Mind
. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987.

Marshall, W. H., C. N. Woolsey, and P. Bard. “Observations on cortical somatic sensory mechanisms of cat and monkey.”
J. Neurophysiol
. 4 (1941): 1–24.

Marshall, W. H., and S. A. Talbot. “Recent evidence for neural mechanisms in vision leading to a general theory of sensory acuity.” In
Visual Mechanisms
, edited by H. Kluver, 117–64. Lancaster, Pa.: Cattell, 1942.

Movshon, J. A. “Visual processing of moving images.” In
Images and Understanding: Thoughts About Images; Ideas About Understanding,
edited by H. Barlow, C. Blakemore, and M. Weston-Smith, 122–37. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990.

Tolman, E. C.
Purposive Behavior in Animals and Men
. New York: Century, 1932

Wurtz, R. H., M. E. Goldberg, and D. L. Robinson. “Brain mechanisms of visual attention.”
Sci. Am
. 246, no. 6 (1982): 124.

Zeki, S. M.
A Vision of the Brain.
Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993; quotation from pp. 295–96 (original italics).

23: Attention Must Be Paid!

 

For a detailed discussion of the hippocampus and space, see J. O’Keefe and L. Nadel,
The Hippocampus as a Cognitive Map
(Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1978), quotation from p. 5.

For discussion of attention, see W. James,
The Works of William James. The Principles of Psychology
, ed. F. Burkhardt and F. Bowers, 3 vols. (1890) (reprint, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1981), quotation from I: pp. 380–81, italics in original.

For attention, space, and memory, see F. A. Yates,
The Art of Memory
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press; London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1966).

Gender differences are discussed in E. A Maguire, N. Burgess, and J. O’Keefe, “Human spatial navigation: Cognitive maps, sexual dimorphism and neural substrates,”
Current Opin Neurobiol
. 9, no.2 (1999): 171–77.

BOOK: In Search of Memory: The Emergence of a New Science of Mind
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