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27: Biology and the Renaissance of Psychoanalytic Thought

For an introduction to psychoanalysis, see C. Brenner,
An Elementary Textbook of Psychoanalysis
, rev. ed. (New York: International University Press, 1973).

For an introduction to Aaron Beck’s work, see J. S. Beck,
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(New York: Guilford, 1995).

For a constructive critique of empirically supported psychotherapies, see D. Westen, C. M. Novotny, and H. Thompson Brenner, “The empirical status of empirically supported psychotherapies: Assumptions, findings, and reporting in controlled clinical trials,”
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Other information for this chapter was drawn from the following:

Etkin, A., K. C. Klemenhagen, J. T. Dudman, M. T. Rogan, R. Hen, E. R. Kandel, and J. Hirsch. “Individual differences in trait anxiety predict the response of the basolateral amygdala to unconsciously processed fearful faces.”
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———. “Biology and the future of psychoanalysis: A new intellectual framework for psychiatry revisited.”
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———.
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Arlington, Va.: APA Publishing, 2005.

28: Consciousness

For a discussion of mind-brain dualism, see P. S. Churchland,
Brain Wise Studies in Neurophilosophy
(Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 2002); A. R. Damasio,
Descartes: Error, Emotion, Reason and the Human Brain
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For a discussion of unconscious processes in perception, see C. Frith, “Disorders of cognition and existence of unconscious mental processes: An introduction,” in E. R. Kandel et al.,
Principles of Neural Science
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For a discussion of free will, see ibid.; S. Blackmore,
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Brain
106 (1983): 623–42; and M. Wegner,
The Illusion of Conscious Will
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The Academy in Athens, which Plato founded, still exists today. I was inducted as a foreign member in 2005!

Other information in this chapter was drawn from the following:

Bloom, P. “Dissecting the right brain.” Book review of
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Etkin, A., K. C. Klemenhagen, J. T. Dudman, M. T. Rogan, R. Hen, E. R. Kandel, and J. Hirsch. “Individual differences in trait anxiety predict the response of the basolateral amygdala to unconsciously processed fearful faces.”
Neuron
44 (2004): 1043–55.

Kandel, E. R. “From nerve cells to cognition: The internal cellular representation required for perception and action.” In
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Koch, C.
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29: Rediscovering Vienna via Stockholm

There are several good biographies of Alfred Nobel. For example, see T. Frängsmyr’s short portrait,
Alfred Nobel
, trans. J. Black (Stockholm: Swedish Institute, 1996); and the book by Ragnar Sohlman, Nobel’s executor,
The Legacy of Alfred Nobel: The Story Behind the Nobel Prize
, trans. E. Schubert (London: Bodley Head, 1983).

For a discussion of the Nobel Prize including a brief history of Nobel and his will, see B. Feldman,
The Nobel Prize
(New York: Arcade, 2000); and I. Hargittai,
Nobel Prizes, Science, and Scientists
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002).

A scholarly discussion of American laureates from a sociological perspective is in H. Zuckerman,
Scientific Elite: Nobel Laureates in the United States
(New York: Free Press, 1977).

The fate of the Jewish academic physicians is discussed in a special issue (February 27, 1998) of the
wiener klinische wucheschrift
—Vienna’s most significant medical journal—entitled
On the Sixtieth Anniversary of the Dismissal of the Jewish Faculty Members from the Vienna Medical School
. This issue also has a discussion of Eduard Pernkopf by Peter Malina, pp. 193–201. See also G. Weissman’s essay “Springtime for Pernkopf,”
Hospital Practice
30 (1985): 142–68.

George Berkley’s
Vienna and Its Jews: The Tragedy of Success, 1880s–1980s
(Cambridge, Mass.: Abt Books, 1988) was an invaluable source for this chapter. The figures on the role of Austrians in the Holocaust come from p. 318; the Hans Tietze quotation comes from p. 41.

The volume that emerged from the symposium of the summer of 2003 is F. Stadtler, E. R. Kandel, W. Kohn, F. Stern, and A. Zeilinger, eds.
Österreichs Umgang mit dem Nationalsozialismus Springer Wien
(Vienna: Springer Verlag, 2004).

Elisabeth Lichtenberger’s lecture “Was war und was ist Europa?” was published in
Reden und Gedenkworte
32 (2004): 145–56, Göttingen, Wallstein Verlag. On July 25, 2006, several months after this book appeared, Elisabeth Lichtenburger wrote me to say that the comments she had made to me in our conversation in October 2004 did not convey her personal sentiments but those of the environment in which she lived.

Other information in this chapter was drawn from the following:

Bettauer, H.
The City Without Jews: A Novel of Our Time.
Translated by S. N. Brainin. New York: Bloch, 1926; quotation from p. 130.

Sachar, H. M.
Diaspora: An Inquiry into the Contemporary Jewish World.
New York: Harper & Row, 1985.

Wistrich, R.
The Jews of Vienna in the Age of Franz Joseph.
Oxford: Oxford Univeristy Press, 1989; quotation from p. viii.

Young, J. E.
The Texture of Memory: Holocaust Memorials and Meaning.
New Haven: Yale University Press, 1993.

30: Learning from Memory: Prospects

For a discussion of Leonardo da Vinci’s training in Andrea del Verrochio’s studio, see E. T. DeWald,
History of Italian Painting, 1200–1600
(New York: Holt Rinehart & Winston, 1961), especially pp. 356–57.

Other information for this chapter was drawn from the following:

De Bono, M., and C. I. Bargmann. “Natural variation in a neuropeptide Y receptor homolog modifies social behavior and food responses in
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Demir, E., and B. J. Dickson. “Fruitless splicing specifies male courtship behavior in
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Insel, T. R., and L. J. Young. “The neurobiology of attachment.”
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