Independence (64 page)

51
. BF to William Franklin, March 13, 1768,
PBF
15:75–76.

52
. Wood,
Americanization of Benjamin Franklin
, 120–24.

53
. BF to Galloway, January 9, 1769,
PBF
16:17.

54
. BF, “Causes of the American Discontents before 1768,” January 5–7, 1768,
PBF
15:12–13.

55
.
DGW
1:338–40.

56
. GW to George Mason, April 5, 1769,
PGWC
8:353, 354n; GW to Bryan Fairfax, August 24, 1774, ibid., 10:155; Arthur Lee to GW, June 15, 1777,
PGWR
10:43;
DGW
2:153n.

57
.
Boston Gazette
, October 17, 1768, in Harry Alonzo Cushing, ed.,
The Writings of Samuel Adams
(reprint, New York, 1968), 1:252; John K. Alexander,
Samuel Adams: America's Revolutionary Politician
(Lanham, Md., 2002), 67; Jensen,
Founding of a Nation
, 351; Ferling,
A Leap in the Dark
, 71–72.

58
. Jensen,
Founding of a Nation
, 293, 344.

59
. BF to George Whitefield, September 2, 1769,
PBF
16:192.

60
. The best account of the shooting can be found in Archer,
As If an Enemy's Country
, 182–202. See also Hiller B. Zobel,
The Boston Massacre
(New York, 1970), 164–205; William M. Fowler,
Samuel Adams: Radical Puritan
(New York, 1993), 106; John C. Miller,
Sam Adams: Pioneer in Propaganda
(Stanford, Calif., 1936), 186; Thomas,
Townshend Duties
, 180; Robert Middlekauff,
The Glorious Cause: The American Revolution, 1763–1789
(New York, 1982), 203; JA to William Tudor, April 15, 1817,
WJA
10:251–52. The quotation urging the soldiers to fire can be found in Alexander,
Samuel Adams
, 81.

61
. Peter D. G. Thomas,
The Townshend Duty Crisis: The Second Phase of the American Revolution, 1767–1773
(Oxford, 1987), 28–29, 149, 152, 156, 166, 177–78.

62
. Thomas,
Townshend Duty Crisis
, 165; Thomas,
Tea Party to Independence
, 2.

63
. James H. Hutson,
Pennsylvania Politics, 1746–1770: The Movement for Royal Government and Its Consequences
(Princeton, N.J., 1972), 224–43; Ferling,
A Leap in the Dark
, 78–81; BF to William Franklin, March 13, 1768,
PBF
15:76.

64
. Whitley,
Lord North
, 92–102; Thomas,
Townshend Duty Crisis
, 214–31; Jensen,
Founding of a Nation
, 439; Benjamin Woods Labaree,
The Boston Tea Party
(New York, 1964), 52.

65
. Whitley,
Lord North
, 103–14; Valentine,
Lord North
, 1:269–92.

66
. BF, “Rules by Which a Great Empire May be Reduced to a Small One,” September 11, 1773,
PBF
20:391–99.

67
. BF to Galloway, July 2, 1768, August 22, 1772,
PBF
15:164, 20:276; “Franklin's Account of His Audience with Hillsborough,” ibid., 18:15; BF to Thomas Cushing, June 10, 1771, ibid., 18:122; Van Doren,
Benjamin Franklin
, 383; Morgan,
Benjamin Franklin
, 185.

68
. BF to Cushing, December 2, 1772,
PBF
19:411–12; Wood,
Americanization of Benjamin Franklin
, 141–43; Morgan,
Benjamin Franklin
, 185–87; Brands,
The First American
, 453; Jack Rakove,
Revolutionaries: A New History of the Invention of America
(Boston, 2010), 35–36.

69
. Benjamin Carp,
Defiance of the Patriots: The Boston Tea Party and the Making of America
(New Haven, Conn., 2010), 47.

70
. SA to Stephen Sayre, November 23, 1770,
WSA
2:68. For a particularly good treatment of the evolution of American attitudes and political practices, see Pauline Maier,
From Resistance to Revolution: Colonial Radicals and the Development of American Opposition to Britain, 1765–1776
(New York, 1972).

71
. Good starting points on the South and the backcountry are Woody Holton,
Forced Founders: Indians, Debtors, Slaves, and the Making of the American Revolution in Virginia
(Chapel Hill, N.C., 1999), and Walter Edgar,
Partisans and Redcoats: The Southern Conflict That Turned the Tide of the American Revolution
(New York, 2001).

72
. Oliver Perry Chitwood,
Richard Henry Lee: Statesman of the Revolution
(Morgantown, W.Va., 1967), 54–55; Thomas Jefferson, “Autobiography,” in Saul K. Padover, ed.,
The Complete Jefferson: Containing His Major Writings, Published and Unpublished, Except His Letters
(reprint, Freeport, N.Y., 1969), 1122.

73
. Labaree,
Boston Tea Party
, 77, 79, 118, 130, 133.

74
. Rakove,
Revolutionaries
, 37–38.

75
. Carp,
Defiance of the Patriots
, 122–38; Jensen,
Founding of a Nation
, 434–60; Labaree,
Boston Tea Party
, 8, 138–45; Arthur Young, “George Robert Twelves Hewes (1742–1840): A Boston Shoemaker and the Memory of the American Revolution,”
William and Mary Quarterly
38 (1981): 562–623; JA, Diary, December 17, 1773,
DAJA
2:86.

76
. BF to the Massachusetts House Committee of Correspondence, February 2, 1774,
PBF
21:76.

77
. Fairfax County Resolves, July 18, 1774,
PGWC
10:122.

78
. On Hancock as the moneybags of the Yankee rebels, see Carp,
Defiance of the Patriots
, 40.

79
. For the two paragraphs on the anger sweeping England, see Fred Junkin Hinkhouse,
The Preliminaries of the American Revolution As Seen in the English Press, 1763–1775
(reprint, New York, 1969), 159, 162, 168; Solomon Lutnick,
The American Revolution and the British Press, 1775–1783
(Columbia, Mo., 1967), 36–41; Troy Bickham,
Making Headlines: The American Revolution as Seen Through the British Press
(DeKalb, Ill., 2009), 60, 74; William Allen,
The American Crisis: A Letter
… (1774); Dickinson,
British Pamphlets on the American Revolution
, 2:354, 405; [Anon.],
A Letter to a Member of Parliament on the Unhappy Dispute between Great-Britain and the Colonies
(1774), ibid., 3:117, 125; David H. Murdoch, ed.,
Rebellion in America: A Contemporary British Viewpoint, 1765–1783
(Santa Barbara, Calif., 1979), 129–30.

80
. BF to the New Jersey Assembly Committee of Correspondence, February 18, 1774,
PBF
21:111; BF to Thomas Cushing, March 22, 1774, ibid., 21:152.

81
. North had said on the eve of taking power that no minister would “venture to declare open war but upon the last extremity.” He never deviated from that view. See
PH
16:720.

82
. Stanley Ayling,
George the Third
(New York, 1972), 243; John Shy,
A People Numerous and Armed
(New York, 1976), 40; Verner Crane, ed.,
Benjamin Franklin's Letters to the Press
(Chapel Hill, N.C., 1960), 263n.

83
. Bernard Donoughue,
British Politics and the American Revolution: The Path to War, 1773–1775
(London, 1964), 38–42; Valentine,
Lord North
, 1:312–15. The Dartmouth quotation is in
Lord North
, 1:314–15.

84
. The quotations can be found in Valentine,
Lord North
, 1:319–20, 314.

85
. Thomas,
Tea Party to Independence
, 26–61; Whitley,
Lord North
, 137–41; Valentine,
Lord North
, 1:306–30; Jack Sosin, “The Massachusetts Acts of 1774: Coercive or Preventive,”
Huntington Library Quarterly
26 (1963): 235–52; Dartmouth to John Thornton, February 12, 1774, in
The Manuscripts of the Earl of Dartmouth
(reprint, Boston, 1972), 2:197.

86
. The texts of the four Coercive Acts can be found in David C. Douglas et al., eds.,
English Historical Documents
(London, 1956–70), 9:779–85.

87
. Quoted in Lutnick,
American Revolution and the British Press
, 35.

88
. Quoted in Donoughue,
British Politics and the American Revolution
, 77, and Christie and Labaree,
Empire or Independence
, 186.

89
. Quoted in Donoughue,
British Politics and the American Revolution
, 79.

90
. Holton,
Forced Founders
, 32–36; Henderson,
Party Politics in the Continental Congress
, 41.

91
. Donoughue,
British Politics and the American Revolution
, 73–104; Labaree,
Boston Tea Party
, 200–203.

92
. Donoughue,
British Politics and the American Revolution
, 89.

93
. Carl B. Cone,
Burke and the Nature of Politics: The Age of the American Revolution
(Lexington, Ky., 1957), 1–194.

94
.
PH
17:1184.

95
.
PH
18:1215–70. The quotations are on pages 1224, 1263, 1264, and 1267. On Burke and the Rockinghamite position, see the useful analysis in John Derry,
English Politics and the American Revolution
(New York, 1976), 78–80. For Burke's suggestion that Parliament's policies were driving the colonies to nationhood, see Rakove,
Revolutionaries
, 68.

96
. The Preliminary Hearing before the Privy Council Committee … the Removal of Hutchinson and Oliver, January 11, 1774,
PBF
21:19–23; The Final Hearing before the Privy Council Committee …, January 29, 1774, ibid., 21:37–70. The text of Webberburn's speech can be found in ibid., 21:43–68. The quotations can be found on pages 47, 48, and 58 and in Van Doren,
Benjamin Franklin
, 469. See also Morgan,
Benjamin Franklin
, 200–3; Brands,
The First American
, 1–2, 4–5, 469–75; and Wright,
Franklin of Philadelphia
, 226–27. For a description of Franklin in the Cockpit, see Van Doren,
Benjamin Franklin
, 467–68.

97
. Quoted in editor's note,
PBF
21:41.

98
. Valentine,
Lord North
, 1:311, 319–20.

99
.
Examination of Doctor Benjamin Franklin
, February 13, 1766,
PBF
13:142.

100
. BF, “A Letter from London,”
Boston Gazette
, April 25, 1774,
PBF
21:79–83. The “Bull-baiting” quote can be found in BF, “Extract of a Letter from London,”
Pennsylvania Gazette
, April 20, 1774, ibid., 21:112.

CHAPTER 3: “DEFENDERS OF AMERICAN LIBERTY”: SAMUEL ADAMS, JOSEPH GALLOWAY, AND THE FIRST CONTINENTAL CONGRESS

1
. SA to Arthur Lee, January 25, 1774,
WSA
3:79; Benjamin Woods Labaree,
The Boston Tea Party
(New York, 1964), 147–48; David Hackett Fischer,
Paul Revere's Ride
(New York, 1994), 25–26.

2
. Labaree,
Boston Tea Party
, 156–61.

3
. BF to Thomas Cushing, February 15[–19], March 22, 1774,
PBF
21:95, 152; Labaree,
Boston Tea Party
, 218.

4
. “The Town of Boston to the Colonies,” May 13, 1774,
WSA
3:107–8; The Committee of Correspondence to the Committee of Correspondence of Philadelphia, May 13, 1774, ibid., 3:110–11;
American Archives
, 1:331, 331n; Joyce Lee Malcolm,
Peter's War: A New England Slave Boy and the American Revolution
(New Haven, Conn., 2009), 37; David Ammerman,
In the Common Cause: American Response to the Coercive Acts of 1774
(Charlottesville, Va., 1974), 19.

5
. SA to Arthur Lee, January 25, April 4, May 18, 1774,
WSA
3:79, 98–102; SA to Elbridge Gerry, March 25, 1774, ibid., 3:84; SA to John Dickinson, April 21, 1774, ibid., 3:104–5; SA to Silas Deane, May 18, 1774, ibid., 3:114–16; SA to Stephen Hopkins, May 18, 1774, ibid., 3:116–17; Labaree,
Boston Tea Party
, 220.

6
. Quoted in Ira Stoll,
Samuel Adams: A Life
(New York, 2008), 23.

7
. My assessment of Samuel Adams draws in part on several excellent biographies. See John C. Miller,
Sam Adams: Pioneer in Propaganda
(Stanford, Calif., 1936); William M. Fowler,
Samuel Adams: Radical Puritan
(New York, 1997); John K. Alexander,
Samuel Adams: America's Revolutionary Politician
(Lanham, Md., 2002); and Stoll,
Samuel Adams
, 13–78. See also the important essay on SA in Pauline Maier,
The Old Revolutionaries: Political Leaders in the Age of Samuel Adams
(New York, 1982), 3–50. The Jefferson quotation can be found in Miller's biography of SA, page 343. The “nervous eloquence” comment can be found in Cass Canfield,
Samuel Adams's Revolution, 1765–1776
(New York, 1972), 32. The “horned snake” quotation is from Alexander,
Samuel Adams
, page 72. Abigail Adams's comments on SA can be found in AA to Mary Cranch, July 15, 1766,
AFC
1:54. JA's comments can be found in JA to William Tudor, June 5, 1817,
WJA
10:263; JA to Jedidiah Morse, December 5, 1815, ibid., 10:190; JA, Diary, December 23, 1765,
DAJA
1:271; JA to Benjamin Rush, August 1, 1812, in John A. Schutz and Douglass Adair, eds.,
The Spur of Fame: Dialogues of John Adams and Benjamin Rush, 1805–1813
(San Marino, Calif., 1966), 253. See also John Ferling,
John Adams: A Life
(reprint, New York, 2010), 448–49. For Hutchinson on SA, see Thomas Hutchinson,
A History of the Colony and Province of Massachusetts-Bay
, ed. Lawrence S. Mayo (Cambridge, Mass., 1936), 2:155–56.