Independence (65 page)

8
. [Samuel Adams],
Boston Gazette
, April 4, 11, December 19, 1768,
WSA
1:202, 205, 270. On the trends in the mother country, see J. H. Plumb,
England in the Eighteenth Century
(Baltimore, Md., 1950), 77–90; John Rule, “Manufacturing and Commerce,” in H. T. Dickinson, ed.,
A Companion to Eighteenth-Century Britain
(London, 2002), 127–40; Gordon Mingay, “Agriculture and Rural Life,” ibid., 141–57; Peter Borsay, “Urban Life and Culture,” ibid., 196–208. The Plumb quotation can be found on page 83 of his book cited above.

9
. Miller,
Sam Adams
, 3–47; Maier,
Old Revolutionaries
, 5–11, 17–21; Edmund S. Morgan, “The Puritan Ethic and the American Revolution,”
William and Mary Quarterly
24 (1967): 3–43.

10
. The Declarations of the Stamp Act Congress, October 19, 1765, in David C. Douglas et al., eds.,
English Historical Documents
(London, 1956–70), 9:672–73.

11
. Alexander,
Samuel Adams
, 132–33; Merrill Jensen,
The Founding of a Nation: A History of the American Revolution, 1763–1776
(New York, 1968), 466–67; Ammerman,
In the Common Cause
, 24–25.

12
. Jack Rakove,
The Beginnings of National Politics: An Interpretive History of the Continental Congress
(Baltimore, Md., 1979), 23; Labaree,
Boston Tea Party
, 231–32; John Hancock,
An Oration, Delivered March 5, 1774
(Boston, 1774), 17–18.

13
. Ammerman,
In the Common Cause
, 5–9.

14
. Jensen,
Founding of a Nation
, 474–79; Ammerman,
In the Common Cause
, 31–32; John E. Selby,
The Revolution in Virginia, 1775–1783
(Williamsburg, Va., 1988), 8–9.

15
. Jensen,
Founding of a Nation
, 470–73; Ammerman,
In the Common Cause
, 26, 45–47; Labaree,
Boston Tea Party
, 228–29, 240–42.

16
. BF to Galloway, August 20, 1768; January 9, 29, 1769; June 11, 1770,
PBF
15:189–90; 16:15, 30; 17:168.

17
. JA, Diary, September 3, October 10, 1775,
DAJA
2:121, 150; Raymond Werner, ed., “Diary of Grace Growdon Galloway,”
Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography
55 (1931): 87, 168; Ernest H. Baldwin, “Joseph Galloway, Loyalist Politician,” ibid., 21 (1902): 161–64; Benjamin H. Newcomb,
Franklin and Galloway: A Political Partnership
(New Haven, Conn., 1972), 11, 35, 46, 89, 94, 121.

18
. Newcomb,
Franklin and Galloway
, 35–70.

19
. Newcomb,
Franklin and Galloway
, 35–104. See also James H. Hutson,
Pennsylvania Politics: The Movement for Royal Government and Its Consequences
(Princeton, N.J., 1972).

20
.
PBF
12:219n; Galloway to BF, July 18, November 16–28, 1765; January 13, February 27, May 23, June 16, 1766, ibid., 12:217–18, 376–77; 13:35–37, 180–81, 285, 317; Galloway to William Franklin, November 14, 1765, ibid., 12:373–74.

21
. Galloway to BF, March 10, October 17, 1768,
PBF
15:71, 231; Newcomb,
Franklin and Galloway
, 216–17.

22
. William Nelson,
The American Tory
(Oxford, 1961), 46; Newcomb,
Franklin and Galloway
, 225–26.

23
. Janice Potter,
The Liberty We Seek: Loyalist Ideology in Colonial New York and Massachusetts
(Cambridge, Mass., 1983), 112–27. The quotations can be found on page 127.

24
. Quoted in Nelson,
American Tory
, 44.

25
. Galloway to BF, June 21, 1770; October 12, 1772,
PBF
17:177–78; 19:331.

26
. Richard A. Ryerson,
The Revolution Is Now Begun: The Radical Committees of Philadelphia, 1765–1776
(Philadelphia, 1978), 40–63.

27
. Nelson,
American Tory
, 46.

28
. Quoted in Rakove,
Beginnings of National Politics
, 23.

29
. Galloway to William Franklin, September 3, 1774,
LDC
1:24: Alexander,
Samuel Adams
, 139.

30
. JA, Diary, August 10, 1774,
DAJA
2:97–98, 97–98n;
DGW
, August 31, 1774, 3:272–74.

31
. Silas Deane to Elizabeth Deane, September 23, 1774,
LDC
1:91.

32
. JA, Diary, August 10–25, 1774,
DAJA
2:97–111.

33
. JA, Diary, August 29, 1774,
DAJA
2:114–15.

34
. JA, Diary, September 1, 1774,
DAJA
2:119;
DGW
, September 4, 1774, 3:274, 275n.

35
. JA, Diary, June 20, 1774,
DAJA
2:96, 97.

36
. Silas Deane to Elizabeth Deane, August 31–September 5, 1774,
LDC
1:15; JA, Diary, August 30, September 7, 22, 1774,
DAJA
2:116, 127, 136; Carl and Jessica Bridenbaugh,
Rebels and Gentlemen: Philadelphia in the Age of Franklin
(New York, 1965), 1–28.

37
. JA, Diary, August 30, 1774,
DAJA
2:116; Robert Treat Paine, Diary, September 5, 1774,
LDC
1:13; Deane to Elizabeth Deane, August 31–September 5, 8, 9, 1774, ibid., 1:16, 18, 20, 50, 55.

38
. JA to AA, September 14, 18, 29, 1774,
AFC
1:155, 158, 164; JA, Diary, September 8, 17, 22, 1774,
DAJA
2:127, 134, 136.

39
. H. James Henderson,
Party Politics in the Continental Congress
(New York, 1974), 20–21.

40
. JA to AA, September 25, 1774,
AFC
1:163.

41
. JA, Diary, August 23, 1774,
DAJA
2:109.

42
. JA, Diary, September 2, 3, 1774,
DAJA
2:119, 120, 121.

43
. JA, Diary, August 29, September 3, 8, 12, 1774,
DAJA
2:114–15, 121, 127, 133.

44
. Ammerman,
In the Common Cause
, 47–48.

45
. JA, Diary, August 30, 1774,
DAJA
2:115. JA's remark was first noted in Henderson,
Party Politics in the Continental Congress
, 35. Deane to Elizabeth Deane, August 31–September 5, 1774,
LDC
1:19.

46
. Robert Secor and John Pickering,
Pennsylvania 1776
(University Park, Pa., 1975), 274, 281, 301, 304, 322.

47
. JA to AA, September 16, 1774,
AFC
1:156; JA, Diary, September 10, 1774,
DAJA
2:131.

48
. James Duane, Notes of Debate,
LDC
1:30.

49
. Quoted in Richard R. Beeman,
Patrick Henry: A Biography
(New York, 1974), 60.

50
. JA, Diary, September 6, 1774,
DAJA
2:125.

51
. JA, Diary, September 6, 1774,
DAJA
2:124–26.

52
. JA to AA, September 8, 14, 1774,
AFC
1:150, 155.

53
. On the colonists' affection for the British monarchy, see the detailed account of the “imperialization of political life” in America in Brendan McConville,
The King's Three Faces: The Rise and Fall of Royal America, 1688–1776
(Chapel Hill, N.C., 2006).

54
. Quoted in Robert Douthat Meade,
Patrick Henry
(Philadelphia, 1957), 1:331.

55
. Thomas M. Doerflinger,
A Vigorous Spirit of Enterprise: Merchants and Economic Development in Revolutionary Philadelphia
(New York, 1986), 168, 194–95; Jack Rakove,
Revolutionaries: A New History of the Invention of America
(Boston, 2010), 76, 98.

56
.
AFC
1:136n.

57
. JA to William Tudor, September 29, 1774,
PJA
2:177; Joseph Reed to [?], September 4, 1774, Joseph Reed Papers, Historical Society of Pennsylvania; Rakove,
Beginnings of National Politics
, 45; Thomas Lynch to Ralph Izard, October 26, 1774,
LDC
1:247; SA to Joseph Warren, September 25, 1775, ibid., 1:100; Jerrilyn Greene Marston,
King and Congress: The Transfer of Political Legitimacy, 1774–1776
(Princeton, N.J., 1987), 79; Alexander,
Samuel Adams
, 141.

58
. Galloway to William Franklin, September 3, 1774,
LDC
1:24; Joseph Galloway,
Historical and Political Reflections on the Rise and Progress of the American Revolution
(London, 1780), 67–68. The section containing Galloway's evaluation of SA can also be found in Douglas,
English Historical Documents
, 9:801.

59
. Galloway to William Franklin, September 3, 5, 1774,
LDC
1:24, 27; Alexander,
Samuel Adams
, 138–39.

60
. James Duane, Notes of Debates, September 6, 1774,
LDC
1:32; Deane to Elizabeth Deane, September 6, 1774, ibid., 1:29.

61
.
DGW
, September 5–24, 1774, 3:275–79; Robert Treat Paine, Diary, September 9, 1774,
LDC
1:57, 66; JA Diary, September 7, 8, October 14, 24, 1774,
DAJA
2:127, 152, 156.

62
.
JCC
1:31–40; JA, Diary, September 17, 1774,
DAJA
2:134; JA to AA, September 18, 1774,
AFC
1:157.

63
. Jensen,
Founding of a Nation
, 492–96, 503; Samuel Ward, Diary, September 21, 1774,
LDC
1:90; ibid., 1:94n;
JCC
1:42; JA, [Notes on Measures to be Taken Up by Congress, September–October, 1774],
DAJA
2:145; ibid., 2:145–46n.

64
. JA, Diary, September 26–27, 1774,
DAJA
2:137–40; Jensen,
Founding of a Nation
, 496–97.

65
. GW, Diary, September 28, 1774,
DGW
3:282.

66
. JA, Diary, September 28, 1774,
DAJA
2:141–44. Soon after Congress, Galloway elaborated on his September 28 speech in a long pamphlet that was published in New York the following February. See Joseph Galloway,
A Candid Examination of the Mutual Claims of Great Britain and the Colonies
(1775), in Merrill Jensen, ed.,
Tracts of the American Revolution, 1763–1776
(Indianapolis, Ind., 1967), 350–99. The bare-bones plan can also be found in Douglas,
English Historical Documents
, 9:811–12.

67
. JA is quoted in John Ferling,
The Loyalist Mind: Joseph Galloway and the American Revolution
(University Park, Pa., 1977), 27. See also JA, Diary, September 28, 1774,
DAJA
2:142–43; Samuel Ward, Diary, October 22, 1774,
LDC
1:234.

68
. JA to Joseph Palmer, September 26, 1774,
PJA
2:173; JA to William Tudor, October 7, 1774, ibid., 2:188.

69
. Samuel Ward, Diary, October 19, 1774,
LDC
1:221; Jensen,
Founding of a Nation
, 500–507;
JCC
1:74–81; Douglas,
English Historical Documents
, 9:813–16.

70
. The Declaration of Colonial Rights and Grievances, in Douglas,
English Historical Documents
, 9:805–8. The quotation can be found on page 807. The document can also be found in
JCC
1:63–73. In the most vague terms, the Declaration reminded London that the Ohio Country had been “conquered from France” by Anglo-American soldiery.

71
. Thomas M. Doerflinger,
A Vigorous Spirit of Enterprise: Merchants and Economic Development in Revolutionary Philadelphia
(New York, 1986), 70–196; Marston,
King and Congress
, 93–96.

72
. Richard Henry Lee's Proposed Resolution, October 3, 1774,
LDC
1:140; Silas Deane, Diary, October 3, 1774, ibid., 1:138–39.

73
. JA to TJ, November 12, 1813, in Lester J. Cappon, ed.,
The Adams-Jefferson Letters: The Complete Correspondence Between Thomas Jefferson and Abigail and John Adams
(Chapel Hill, N.C., 1959), 2:392.

74
. Samuel Adams's Draft Letter to Thomas Gage, October 7–8, 1774,
LDC
1:158–60; Samuel Ward, Diary, October 10, 1774, ibid., 1:171;
JCC
1:60–61; Marston,
King and Congress
, 86–90.

75
. Samuel Ward, Diary, October 22, 1774,
LDC
1:234; ibid., 1:112–17n.

76
.
JCC
1:115–22; JA, Diary, October 24, 1774,
DAJA
2:156.

77
. JA to AA, October 7, 1774,
AFC
1:164–66; George Read to Gertrude Read, October 24, 1774,
LDC
1:244.

78
. Robert Treat Paine, Diary, October 26, 1774,
LDC
1:248; Galloway to Thomas Nickleson, November 1, 1774, ibid., 1:255; Galloway to Samuel Verplanck, December 30, 1774, ibid., 1:284; SA to Thomas Young, October [?], 1774, ibid., 1:205.

CHAPTER 4: “IT IS A BILL OF WAR. IT DRAWS THE SWORD”: LORD DARTMOUTH, GEORGE WASHINGTON, HOSTILITIES

1
.
DGW
, October 27–30, 1774, 3:287–88; GW, Cash Accounts, September and October 1774,
PGWC
: 10:159–60, 166–68.

2
. GW to John Connally, February 25, 1775,
PGWC
10:273; Fairfax Independent Company to GW, October 19, 1774, April 25, 1775, ibid., 10:173, 173–74n, 344; GW to John Augustine Washington, March 25, 1775, ibid., 10:308; GW to Townshend Dade Jr., November 19, 1774, ibid., 10:187; GW to John Tayloe, October 31, 1774, ibid., 10:175; GW to James Cleveland, January 10, [March ?], 1775, ibid., 10:230, 314; GW to William Bronaugh, January 18, 1775, ibid., 10:238; GW to William Stevens, March 6, 1775, ibid., 10:288; GW to Andrew Lewis, March 27, 1775, ibid., 10:310; [GW], Agreement with William Skilling, February 25, 1775, ibid., 10:272–73; William Crawford to GW, March 6, 1775, ibid., 10:292–93;
DGW
3:291, 302, 303, 309, 321.