Independence (69 page)

47
. Joyce Lee Malcolm,
Peter's War: A New England Slave Boy and the American Revolution
(New Haven, Conn., 2009), 85.

48
. Howe [probably to the British adjutant general], June 22, 24, 1775, in Henry Steele Commager and Richard B. Morris, eds.,
The Spirit of '76: The Story of the American Revolution as Told by Participants
(Indianapolis, Ind., 1958), 1:132.

49
. Recollection of Robert Steele, in George H. Scheer and Hugh F. Rankin,
Rebels and Redcoats
(Cleveland, 1957), 59.

50
. The best account of the Battle of Bunker Hill is Richard M. Ketchum,
Decisive Day: The Battle for Bunker Hill
(New York, 1974). My narrative draws heavily on Ketchum. For succinct accounts, see also Richard Frothingham,
History of the Siege of Boston
(Boston, 1849), 133–206; Louis Birnbaum,
Red Dawn at Lexington
(Boston, 1986), 226–54; and Ferling,
Almost a Miracle
, 49–60.

51
. Howe is quoted in Maldwyn A. Jones, “Sir William Howe: Conventional Strategist,” in George A. Billias, ed.,
George Washington's Opponents: British Generals and Admirals in the American Revolution
(New York, 1969), 47. Clinton is quoted in Ketchum,
Decisive Day
, 183. Burgoyne's comments are in John Burgoyne to Lord Stanley, June 25, 1775,
Am Archives
4th series, 2:1095.

52
. Gage to Dartmouth, June 25, 1775,
Am Archives
4th series, 2:1097.

53
. SA to Elizabeth Adams, June 28, 1775,
LDC
1:552; Henry Middleton to Arthur Middleton, July 6, 1775, ibid., 1:595; TJ to George Gilmer, July 5, 1775,
PTJ
1:185; BF to Shipley, July 7, 1775,
PBF
22:94.

54
. Samuel Ward, Diary, June 1, 1775,
LDC
1:431; Hancock to GW, June 28, 1775, ibid., 1:555; ibid., 1:430n; JA to Warren, June 7, 1775,
PJA
3:17; Jack N. Rakove,
The Beginnings of National Politics: An Interpretive History of the Continental Congress
(Baltimore, Md., 1979), 78, 417.

55
. Dartmouth's Circular Letter to the Governors, March 3, 1775,
DAR
9:60–62.

56
.
Am Archives
4th series, 2:454; Virginia's Resolution on Lord North's Conciliatory Proposal, June 10, 1775,
PTJ
1:170–74; Marston,
King and Congress
, 207–9.

57
. Johnson to Horatio Gates, August 18, 1775,
LDC
1:704; TJ, Draft Resolution on Lord North's Conciliatory Proposal, July 25, 1775,
PTJ
1:225–29; The Resolution as Adopted by Congress, July 31, 1775, ibid., 1:230–33.

58
. Draft Petition to the King, [June 3–19], 1775,
LDC
1:440–41; Marston,
King and Congress
, 211–13; Rakove,
Beginnings of National Politics
, 73–79.

59
. JA to Warren, July 11, 1775,
PJA
3:72.

60
. JA, Autobiography,
DAJA
3:318.

61
. JA to Warren, July 24, 1775,
PJA
3:89.

62
. For an excellent account of the publication of JA's letter and its impact, see P
JA
3:90–93n. See also Corner,
Autobiography of Benjamin Rush
, 142.

63
. John Dickinson's Notes of Debates, May 23–25, 1775,
LDC
1:390–91.

64
. JA to Warren, July 6, 1775,
PJA
3:62.

65
. Dyer to Joseph Trumbull, July 10, 1775,
LDC
1:620; JA, Diary, September 28, 1774,
DAJA
2:140.

66
. JA to AA, June 17, 1775,
AFC
1:216.

67
. JA to AA, July 7, October 7, 1775,
AFC
1:241, 295; JA to Warren, July 6, 1775,
PJA
3:61; JA to Josiah Quincy, October 6, 1775, ibid., 3:187; JA to Moses Gill, June 10, 1775, ibid., 3:21.

68
. Ward to Henry Ward, June 22, 1775,
LDC
1:535; JA to Timothy Pickering, August 6, 1822,
WJA
2:512.

69
.
PTJ
1:188n.

70
.
PTJ
1:189n.

71
. The Declaration on the Causes and Necessity for Taking Up Arms, July 6, 1775,
PTJ
1:213–18. For TJ's draft, see ibid., 1:193–98. For Dickinson's draft, see ibid., 1:204–12. The
PTJ
contains an especially useful editorial note on the evolution of the final document. See ibid., 1:187–92. Finally, see
JCC
2:128–57.

72
. JA to Tudor, July 6, 1775,
PJA
3:59.

CHAPTER 7: “THE KING WILL PRODUCE THE GRANDEST REVOLUTION”: GEORGE III AND THE AMERICAN REBELLION

1
. Troy Bickham,
Making Headlines: The American Revolution as Seen Through the British Press
(DeKalb, Ill., 2009), 72.

2
. Peter D. G. Thomas,
Tea Party to Independence: The Third Phase of the American Revolution, 1773–1776
(Oxford, 1991), 234; Fred Junkin Hinkhouse,
The Preliminaries of the American Revolution as Seen in the English Press, 1763–1775
(reprint, New York, 1969), 185.

3
. Gage to Barrington, April 22, 1775, in Clarence E. Carter, ed.,
The Correspondence of General Thomas Gage with the Secretaries of State, and the War Office and the Treasury, 1763–1775
(reprint, New York, 1969), 2:674; Gage to Dartmouth, April 22, 1775, ibid., 1:396.

4
. Cadwallader Colden to Dartmouth, May 3, 1775,
DAR
7:317.

5
. Gage to Dartmouth, October 20, 1775, in Carter,
Correspondence of General Thomas Gage
, 1:416. Sandwich is quoted in Alan Valentine,
Lord North
(Norman, Okla., 1967), 1:368. Gibbon is quoted in Piers Mackesy,
The War for America, 1775–1783
(Cambridge, Mass., 1965), 38. The secretary at war and the army's adjutant general expressed reservations about the ability of the British army to win the war without considerable naval assistance, with the latter remarking that “attempting to Conquer A[merica] Internally by our L[an]d Force, is as wild an Idea, as ever controverted Comn. Sense.” The quote can be found in Stephen Conway, “British Governments and the Conduct of the American War,” in H. T. Dickinson, ed.,
Britain and the American Revolution
(London, 1998), 159.

6
. Thomas,
Tea Party to Independence
, 238–41; B. D. Bargar,
Lord Dartmouth and the American Revolution
(Columbia, S.C., 1965), 170; Dartmouth to Governor Earl of Dunmore, July 5, 1775,
DAR
10:24; Dartmouth to Carleton, July 24, 1775, ibid., 10:42; Dartmouth to Guy Johnson, July 24, 1775, ibid., 11:56.

7
. Louis Birnbaum,
Red Dawn at Lexington
(Boston, 1986), 273–74; Joseph Reed to James Otis Sr., August 14, 1775,
PGWR
1:307n; Hancock to GW, June 28, 1775, ibid., 1:42–43; GW to Schuyler, August 20, 1775, ibid., 1:332. In October 1775 General Washington finally spurned the offer of the Stockbridge Indians to provide service, telling them that “they would be called when wanted.” See Committee of Conference Minutes of Proceedings, October 23–24, 1775,
LDC
2:236.

8
. Mackesy,
War for America
, 524–25; Edward E. Curtis,
The Organization of the British Army in the American Revolution
(New Haven, Conn., 1926), 3.

9
. Quoted in Thomas,
Tea Party to Independence
, 254.

10
. North to George III, July 26, 1775, in Sir John Fortescue, ed.,
The Correspondence of George III from 1760 to December 1783
(London, 1927–28), 3:234; Valentine,
Lord North
, 376–77.

11
. Valentine,
Lord North
, 378–79.

12
. Stephen Conway,
The War of American Independence, 1775–1783
(London, 1995), 44.

13
. Thomas,
Tea Party to Independence
, 254–56.

14
. Carleton to Dartmouth, June 7, 1775,
DAR
9:157–59.

15
. Thomas,
Tea Party to Independence
, 259–65.

16
. Gage to Barrington, July 18, September 25, November 2, 15, December 14, 1774, in Carter,
Correspondence of General Thomas Gage
, 2:649, 654, 659, 661, 663.

17
. Dartmouth to Gage, August 2, 1775, in Carter,
Correspondence of General Thomas Gage
, 1:203.

18
. Bargar,
Lord Dartmouth and the American Revolution
, 176–81; Valentine,
Lord North
, 1:389–95, 407–8. The quote can be found in Valentine's biography of North, page 395.

19
. Mackesy,
War for America
, 50.

20
. Alan Valentine,
Lord George Germain
(Oxford, 1962), 1–94; Gerald Saxon Brown,
The American Secretary: The Colonial Policy of Lord George Germain, 1775–1778
(Ann Arbor, Mich., 1963), 1–25;
PH
17:1196, 1312.

21
.
PH
17:1162, 1196, 1312–13.

22
.
PH
18:990; Brown,
American Secretary
, 25–30; Valentine,
Lord George Germain
, 93–100.

23
. Valentine,
Lord George Germain
, 96; Valentine,
Lord North
, 1:403.

24
. George III to North, July 5, 26, 1775, in Fortescue,
Correspondence of George III
, 3:233, 235.

25
. Thomas,
Tea Party to Independence
, 260–63; Jeremy Black,
George III: America's Last King
(New Haven, Conn., 2006), 215–22.

26
. Proclamation for Suppressing Rebellion and Sedition, August 23, 1775,
EHD
9:850–51.

27
. Gage to Dartmouth, August 20, 1775, in Carter,
Correspondence of General Thomas Gage
, 1:413–14; Dartmouth to Howe, September 5, 1775,
DAR
11:99, 100. The Germain quote can be found in Ira D. Gruber,
The Howe Brothers and the American Revolution
(New York, 1972), 27.

28
. Quoted in Allen French,
The First Year of the American Revolution
(Boston, 1934), 323–24.

29
. David McCullough,
1776
(New York, 2005), 3–10.

30
. The King's Speech to Parliament, October 26, 1775,
EHD
9:851–52.

31
. Roger Sherman to William Williams, July 28, 1775,
LDC
1:675; Dyer to Joseph Trumbull, July 28, 1775, ibid., 1:674; Connecticut Delegates to Jonathan Trumbull Sr., July 28, 1775, ibid., 1:672.

32
. Jack N. Rakove,
The Beginnings of National Politics: An Interpretive History of the Continental Congress
(Baltimore, Md., 1979), 79.

33
.
PJA
3:9n, 117–18n; BF to Schuyler, August 8, 10, 1775,
PBF
22:159, 160; New York Provincial Congress to Pennsylvania Committee of Safety, August 16, 19, 1775, ibid., 22:172, 177; BF to Deane, August 27, 1775, ibid., 22:184; BF to Hartley, September 12, 1775, ibid., 22:196; Dumas Malone,
Jefferson and His Time
(Boston, 1948–81), 1:208–9; Duane to Schuyler, August 4, 1775,
LDC
1:696; Duane to Jonathan Trumbull, August 4, 1775, ibid., 1:697; Deane to Schuyler, August 20, 1775, ibid., 1:704; Chase to Schuyler, August 10, 1775, ibid., 1:700; Ward to BF, August 12, 1775, ibid., 1:701.

34
. JA to Warren, September 17, 1775,
PJA
3:158–59; SA to Gerry, September 26, 1775, ibid., 3:160n.

35
. Richard Smith, Diary, September 12, 18, 21, 23, 1775,
LDC
2:5, 29, 42, 48; Samuel Ward, Diary, September 15, 18, 20, 21, 1775, ibid., 2:29, 39, 42; JA, Diary, September 21, 22, 24, 1775,
DAJA
2:177, 178–79, 184.

36
. William Hooper to Samuel Johnson, May 23, 1775,
LDC
1:398.

37
. JA, Diary, September 16, 1775,
DAJA
2:173.

38
. Harrison to GW, July 21, 1775,
PGWR
1:145.

39
. JA to AA, December 3, 1775,
AFC
1:332. Joseph Hewes to Samuel Johnston, December 1, 1775,
LDC
2:421. On JA's relations with Cushing and Paine, see
AFC
1:333n.

40
. Deane to Elizabeth Deane, October 7, 1775,
LDC
2:138; Josiah Bartlett to Mary Bartlett, October 25, 1775, ibid., 2:252; Ward to Deborah Ward, November 1, 1775, ibid., 2:285; Duane to Cornelius Duane, December 9, 1775, ibid., 2:464; BF to Shipley, September 13, 1775,
PBF
22:200.

41
. BF to Hartley, October 3, 1775,
PBF
22:216–17; BF to William Strahan, October 3, 1775, ibid., 22:219; BF to Joseph Priestley, October 3, 1775, ibid., 22:218; BF to a Friend in London, October 3, 1775, ibid., 22:215–16.

42
. Bartlett to Mary Bartlett, November 6, 1775,
LDC
2:306–7; Ward to Mary Ward, October 19, 1775, ibid., 2:211; SA to Elizabeth Adams, November 7, 1775, ibid., 2:313.

43
. Ward to Deborah Ward, October 12, November 1, 1775,
LDC
2:172, 283–84; JA to AA, July 16, 1776, AFC 2:50; John Ferling,
John Adams: A Life
(reprint, New York, 2010), 175.

44
. Francis Lewis to John Alsop, November 19, 1775,
LDC
2:361; Jay to Sarah Jay, December 23, 1775, ibid., 2:514.