Independence (71 page)

35
. Schuyler to GW, September 20, 26, October 14, November 6[–7], 1775,
PGWR
2:17, 54, 166, 314; Gerlach,
Proud Patriot
, 60.

36
. GW to Schuyler, August 20, 1775,
PGWR
1:332; Schuyler to GW, August 27, 1775, ibid., 1:368.

37
. The best source for Montgomery's troop strength in December is Arthur S. Lefkowitz,
Benedict Arnold's Army: The 1775 American Invasion of Canada During the Revolutionary War
(New York, 2008), 214–15.

38
. This narrative of the Canadian invasion draws on John Ferling,
Almost a Miracle: The American Victory in the War of Independence
(New York, 2007), 80–99; Christopher Ward,
The War of the Revolution
(New York, 1952), 1:135–201; James Kirby Martin,
Benedict Arnold, Revolutionary Hero: An American Warrior Reconsidered
(New York, 1977); 104–74; Thomas A. Desjardin,
Through a Howling Wilderness: Benedict Arnold's March to Quebec, 1775
(New York, 2006); Lefkowitz,
Benedict Arnold's Army
; and Hal Shelton,
General Richard Montgomery and the American Revolution
(New York, 1994).

39
. Thomas Lynch to Schuyler, January 20, 1776,
LDC
3:125.

40
. Livingston to Thomas Lynch, January [?], 1776,
LDC
3:178–79; John Dickinson's Draft Address to the Inhabitants of America, January 24[?], 1776, ibid., 3:141–42; William Livingston to Samuel Tucker, January 27, 1776, ibid., 3:158; Robert Morris to Charles Lee, February 17, 1776, ibid., 3:267–68; Bartlett to John Langdon, February 19, 1776, ibid., 3:281; Oliver Wolcott to Laura Wolcott, January 24, 1776, ibid., 3:149; Minutes, Secret Committee, February 14, 1776, ibid., 3:256; Samuel Ward to Henry Ward, February 19, 1776, ibid., 3:286;
JCC
4:40, 71–76, 99, 106.

41
. Ward to Nicholas Cooke, January 7, 1776,
LDC
3:54; Ward to his Daughter, January 8, 1776, ibid., 3:61; SA to John Pitts, January 12, 1776, ibid., 3:84; Francis L. Lee to Richard Henry Lee, January 8, 1776, ibid., 3:58.

42
. [Thomas Paine], “A Dialogue Between General Gage and General Wolfe in a Wood Near Boston” (1775), in Philip S. Foner, ed.,
The Complete Writings of Thomas Paine
(New York, 1945), 2:47–48; [Thomas Paine], “An Occasional Letter on the Female Sex” (1775), ibid., 2:34. For a chronological table of Paine's publications in America before
Common Sense
, see ibid., 1:xlvii–xlviii. For biographies and interpretations of his thought and writing, see David Freeman Hawke,
Paine
(New York, 1974); Eric Foner,
Tom Paine and Revolutionary America
(New York, 1976); Alfred Owen Aldridge,
Man of Reason: The Life of Thomas Paine
(Philadelphia, 1959); Jack Fruchtman,
Thomas Paine: Apostle of Freedom
(New York, 1994); Harvey J. Kaye,
Thomas Paine and the Promise of America
(New York, 2005); and Craig Nelson,
Thomas Paine: Enlightenment, Revolution, and the Birth of Modern Nations
(New York, 2006).

43
. [Thomas Paine],
Common Sense
(1776), in Foner,
Complete Writings of Thomas Paine
, 1:3–46. The quotations are from pages 6, 8, 15, 16, 18, 20, 21, 22, 26, 35, 39, 45. On English political radicalism, see Colin Bonwick,
English Radicals and the American Revolution
(Chapel Hill, N.C., 1977), 3–26.

44
. Bartlett to John Langdon, January 13, 1776,
LDC
3:88; Wolcott to Laura Wolcott, January 24, 1776, ibid., 3:149; Hancock to Cushing, January 17, 1776, ibid., 3:105; SA to Warren, January 13, 1776, ibid., 3:87; Henry Wisner to John McKesson, January 13[?], 1776, ibid., 3:90–91; Hewes to Samuel Johnston, February 13, 1776, ibid., 3:247; BF to Charles Lee, February 19, 1776,
PBF
22:357.

45
. Paine,
Common Sense
, in Foner,
Complete Writings of Thomas Paine
, 1:17, 46.

CHAPTER 9: “WE MIGHT GET OURSELVES UPON DANGEROUS GROUND”: JAMES WILSON, ROBERT MORRIS, LORD HOWE, AND THE SEARCH FOR PEACE

1
. SA to Samuel Cooper, April 30, 1776,
LDC
3:601–2.

2
.
LDC
3:63n; Richard Smith, Diary, January 9, 1776, ibid., 3:72.

3
. JA to AA, July 23, 1775,
AFC
1:253. On Wilson, see Charles Page Smith,
James Wilson: Founding Father, 1742–1798
(Chapel Hill, N.C., 1956), 3–77; Geoffrey Seed,
James Wilson
(Millwood, N.Y., 1978), 3–15; Mark David Hall,
The Political and Legal Philosophy of James Wilson, 1742–1798
(Columbia, Mo., 1997), 12–13.

4
. Lord Drummond's Notes, [January 3–9?, 1776],
LDC
3:22.

5
. Milton M. Klein, “Failure of a Mission: The Drummond Peace Proposal of 1775,”
Huntington Library Quarterly
35 (1972): 343–80; Hewes to Samuel Johnston, January 6, 1776,
LDC
3:43; Lord Drummond's Minutes, January 14[?], 1776, ibid., 3:92.

6
. On Wilson's appearance, see Smith,
James Wilson
, 3 and 202. The quotation can be found on page 207.

7
. SA to JA, January 15, 1776,
LDC
3:92–93; Milton E. Flower,
John Dickinson: Conservative Revolutionary
(Charlottesville, Va., 1983), 143. George Read to Caesar Rodney, January 19, 1776,
LDC
3:115n; SA to JA, January 15, 1776, ibid., 3:94; SA to John Sullivan, January 12, 1776, ibid., 3:85. In a letter to Hancock, Cushing spoke of the “Dirty & sly Insinuating Actes & Machinations to destroy my Influence” that had been carried out by the likes of SA and his confederates in Massachusetts politics. See Thomas Cushing to John Hancock, January 30, 1776, ibid., 3:106n. See also John Miller,
Sam Adams: Pioneer in Propaganda
(Stanford, Calif., 1936), 342.

8
. George Read to Caesar Rodney, January 19, 1776,
LDC
3:115n; SA to JA, January 15, 1776, ibid., 3:94; SA to John Sullivan, January 12, 1776, ibid., 3:85; ibid., 3:138n.

9
. Flower,
John Dickinson
, 129, 134, 144–46; JA to AA, February [13], 1776,
AFC
1:347.

10
. John Dickinson's Proposed Resolutions on a Petition to the King, [January 9–24, 1776],
LDC
3:63; John Dickinson's Proposed Resolutions for Negotiating with Great Britain, [January 9–24, 1776], ibid., 3:64–65; John Dickinson's Proposed Instructions for Commissioners to Negotiate with Great Britain, [January 9–24, 1776], ibid., 3:66–68; ibid., 3:145n. Dickinson's notes were undated and, because of congressional secrecy, it is not clear when he spoke. However, it seems likely that Dickinson introduced his ideas in a speech delivered on January 24, the day scheduled for taking up Wilson's proposal regarding Congress's feelings on American independence.

11
. Richard Smith, Diary, January 24, 1776,
LDC
3:148.

12
. Hooper and Hewes to John Penn, February 6, 1776,
LDC
3:208; Penn to Thomas Person, February 14, 1776, ibid., 3:255; Bartlett to Langdon, February 19, 1776, ibid., 3:280; Ward to Henry Ward, February 19, 1776, ibid., 3:285; Wolcott to Samuel Lyman, March 16, 1776, ibid., 3:390.

13
. Jerrilyn Greene Marston,
King and Congress: The Transfer of Political Legitimacy, 1774–1776
(Princeton, N.J., 1987), 180.

14
. Richard Smith, Diary, January 29, 1776,
LDC
3:167; Francis Lightfoot Lee to John Page, January 30, 1776, ibid., 3:168–69.

15
. JA to AA, February 11, 1776,
AFC
1:345–46; Lee to Page, January 30, 1776,
LDC
3:168.

16
.
JCC
4:134–46; Smith,
James Wilson
, 75–76.

17
. Richard Smith, Diary, February 13, 1776,
LDC
3:252.

18
. Robert Morris to Robert Herries, February 15, 1776,
LDC
3:258.

19
. Willing has not been the subject of a biography. See Allen Johnson et al., eds.,
Dictionary of American Biography
(New York, 1928–37), 20:302–4.

20
. The quotes are from Clarence L. Ver Steeg,
Robert Morris: Revolutionary Financier
(New York, 1972), 4.

21
. Ray Raphael,
Founders: The People Who Brought You a Nation
(New York, 2009), 66, 102.

22
. Willing, Morris & Co. to William Baynes & Co., September 27, 1775,
LDC
2:75–76. On the business and political activities of Willing and Morris, see Richard A. Ryerson,
The Revolution Is Now Begun: The Radical Committees of Philadelphia, 1765–1776
(Philadelphia, 1978), 50–130; Ver Steeg,
Robert Morris
, 1–8; and Thomas M. Doerflinger,
A Vigorous Spirit of Enterprise: Merchants and Economic Development in Revolutionary Philadelphia
(Chapel Hill, N.C., 1986), 38, 103.

23
. JA, Diary, September 25, 1775,
DAJA
2:183–85; Richard Smith, Diary, December 13, 1775,
LDC
2:483; Secret Committee Contract, October 9, 1775, ibid., 2:153–54; Secret Committee Minutes of Proceedings, January 11, February 5, 1776, ibid., 3:82, 203; John Alsop, Philip Livingston, Francis Lewis, and Robert Morris to Silas Deane, March 1, 1776, ibid., 3:314; ibid., 2:74n; Morris to Herries, February 15, 1776, ibid., 3:259; Raphael,
Founders
, 207, 257. The Morris quotation can be found in Morris to Deane, August 11, 1776,
LDC
4:657.

24
. Morris to Samuel Inglis, January 30, 1776,
LDC
3:170; Morris to Charles Lee, February 17, 1776, ibid., 3:270; Morris to Herries, February 15, 1776, ibid., 3:258–59.

25
. Morris to [?], December 9, 1775,
LDC
2:470.

26
. Morris to Deane, June 5, 1776,
LDC
4:147.

27
. Morris to Horatio Gates, April 6, 1776,
LDC
3:495; Morris to Herries, February 15, 1776, ibid., 3:258; Morris to Deane, March 10, 1776, ibid., 3:366.

28
. Alan Valentine,
Lord North
(Norman, Okla., 1967), 1:407.

29
. The foregoing draws on Ira D. Gruber,
The Howe Brothers and the American Revolution
(New York, 1972), 31–67.

30
.
PH
18:991.

31
. William Knox is quoted in Valentine,
Lord North
, 1:408.

32
. Walpole is quoted in Gerald Saxon Brown,
The American Secretary: The Colonial Policy of Lord George Germain, 1775–1778
(Ann Arbor, Mich., 1963), 64.

33
.
PH
18:1248–50, 1253, 1255, 1284, 1286.

34
.
PH
18:1144–45, 1154–55, 1156.

35
. Brown,
American Secretary
, 66–72.

36
. Gruber,
Howe Brothers and the American Revolution
, 72–77; Peter D. G. Thomas,
Tea Party to Independence: The Third Phase of the American Revolution, 1773–1776
(Oxford, 1991), 303–17; Weldon A. Brown,
Empire or Independence: A Study in the Failure of Reconciliation, 1774–1783
(reprint, Port Washington, N.Y., 1966), 82–85.

37
. Burke to Richard Champion, May 30, 1776, George H. Guttridge, ed.,
The Correspondence of Edmund Burke
(Chicago, Ill., 1958–78), 3:268–69.

38
. Hooper to Trumbull, March 13, 1776,
LDC
3:372.

39
. Wolcott to Andrew Adams, March 22, 1776,
LDC
3:428.

40
. JA to AA, April 15, 1776,
AFC
1:383.

41
. SA to Hawley, April 15, 1776,
LDC
3:528.

CHAPTER 10: “THE FATAL STAB”: ABIGAIL ADAMS AND THE REALITIES OF THE STRUGGLE FOR INDEPENDENCE

1
. Richard Henry Lee to Landon Carter, April 1, 1776,
LDC
3:470; Gerry to James Warren, March 26, 1776, ibid., 3:441; JA to Horatio Gates, March 23, 1776,
PJA
4:59.

2
.
DAJA
2:231–33. Emphasis added by the author.

3
. Robert Alexander to the Maryland Council of Safety, February 27, 1776,
LDC
3:307; Richard Smith, Diary, February 27, 1776, ibid., 3:310.

4
. Whipple to Joshua Brackett, March 17, 1776,
LDC
3:395.

5
. Gerry to Warren, March 26, 1776,
LDC
3:442; Hancock to Certain Colonies, April 12, 1776, ibid., 3:514.

6
. Ronald Hoffman,
A Spirit of Dissension: Economics, Politics, and the Revolution in Maryland
(Baltimore, Md., 1973), 157–58; Germain to Robert Eden, December 23, 1775,
Am Archives
4th series, 4:439–40; Pauline Maier,
American Scripture: Making the Declaration of Independence
(New York, 1997), 80–81.

7
. Whipple to Brackett, April 11, 1776,
LDC
3:509; Joseph Hewes to Samuel Johnston, March 20, 1776, ibid., 3:416.

8
. SA to Joseph Hawley, April 15, 1776,
LDC
3:528; Whipple to Brackett, April 11, 1776, ibid., 3:509; Hewes to Johnston, March 20, 1776, ibid., 3:416; Gerry to Warren, March 26, 1776, ibid., 3:442.

9
. JA to Horatio Gates, March 23, 1776,
PJA
4:59; JA to AA, April 6, 1776, ibid., 3:492; JA to AA, April 12, 1776,
AFC
1:377.

10
.
JCC
4:214, 229–32. See also James Morgan, “American Privateering in America's War for Independence, 1775–1783,”
American Neptune
36 (April 1976): 80–85, and H. James Henderson,
Party Politics in the Continental Congress
(New York, 1974), 61. Thousands of letters of marquee were issued during the conflict, and according to the best estimate, more than three thousand prizes were captured by American privateers.