Independence (74 page)

4
. David Freeman Hawke,
Honorable Treason: The Declaration of Independence and the Men Who Signed It
(New York, 1976), 46–48, 54–57.

5
. Christopher Collier,
Roger Sherman's Connecticut: Yankee Politicians and the American Revolution
(Middletown, Conn., 1971), 74, 97, 119–20; JA, Diary, August 17, 1774,
DAJA
2:100; Roger Sherman to Joseph Trumbull, July 6, 1775,
LDC
1:600. The sketch of Roger Sherman's activities prior to his service in the Continental Congress draws on Collier's work, pages 3–84. The quotation on his “slender” education is from Collier, page 11.

6
. Collier,
Roger Sherman's Connecticut
, 10.

7
. JA, Diary, October 10, 1774, September 15, 1775,
DAJA
2:150, 173; Collier,
Roger Sherman's Connecticut
, 94, 235; Hawke,
Honorable Treason
, 57–58.

8
. JA, Diary, September 15, 1775,
DAJA
2:173; Collier,
Roger Sherman's Connecticut
, 235–36; Hawke,
Honorable Treason
, 59.

9
. Roger Sherman to Jonathan Trumbull Sr., June 28, 1775,
LDC
1:556; ibid., 2:292n; 3:413n.

10
. JA, Autobiography,
DAJA
3:336.

11
. JA, Autobiography,
DAJA
3:336–37; JA to Timothy Pickering, August 6, 1822,
WJA
2:512–14n; TJ to James Madison, August 30, 1823, in Paul Leicester Ford, ed.,
The Writings of Thomas Jefferson
(New York, 1892–99), 10:267–69.

12
. JA, Diary, June 23, 1779,
DAJA
2:391–92.

13
.
PBF
22:442n; BF to GW, June 21, 1776, ibid., 22:484–85; BF to Benjamin Rush, June 26, 1776, ibid., 22:491.

14
. Besides, as John Adams remarked, Jefferson had been a congressman for a year, during which time he had spent “a very small part of the time” in Philadelphia. See JA, Autobiography,
DAJA
3:335.

15
. The preceding draws on TJ, Autobiography, in Saul K. Padover, ed.,
The Complete Jefferson
(New York, 1943), 1119–20; Sarah N. Randolph,
The Domestic Life of Thomas Jefferson
(New York, 1871), 23; Fawn Brodie,
Thomas Jefferson: An Intimate History
(New York, 1974), 23, 51; Noble E. Cunningham Jr.,
In Pursuit of Reason: The Life of Thomas Jefferson
(New York, 1997), 1–4; Dumas Malone,
Jefferson and His Times
(Boston, 1948–81), 1:21–48; R. B. Bernstein,
Thomas Jefferson
(New York, 2003), 1–3.

16
. Merrill D. Peterson,
Thomas Jefferson and the New Nation: A Biography
(New York, 1970), 7–8; Willard Sterne Randall,
Thomas Jefferson: A Life
(New York, 1992), 22–24, 37, 41–42; Malone,
Thomas Jefferson
, 1:53–57; Bernstein,
Thomas Jefferson
, 4–5; TJ to Vine Utley, March 21, 1819, in Paul Leicester Ford, ed.,
The Writings of Thomas Jefferson
(New York, 1892–99), 9:126; TJ to William Duane, October 1, 1812, in A. A. Lipscomb and A. E. Bergh, eds.,
The Writings of Thomas Jefferson
(Washington, D.C., 1900–1904), 2:420–31; TJ to John Page, October 7, 1763,
PTJ
1:11; Jefferson, Autobiography, in Padover,
Complete Thomas Jefferson
, 1120.

17
. Randall,
Thomas Jefferson
, 47, 51, 55–58, 66–68, 98, 109; Malone,
Thomas Jefferson
, 1:122–23; TJ to Ralph Izard, July 17, 1788,
PTJ
13:372; TJ to Page, December 25, 1762, ibid., 1:5; TJ to William Fleming, [October 1763], ibid., 1:15; TJ to Thomas Jefferson Randolph, June 14, 1806, in Lipscomb and Bergh,
Writings of Thomas Jefferson
, 12:97–98; TJ, Autobiography, in Padover,
Complete Thomas Jefferson
, 1120; Brodie,
Thomas Jefferson
, 61; Frank J. Dewey,
Thomas Jefferson, Lawyer
(Charlottesville, Va., 1986), 83–93.

18
. TJ to Page, October 7, 1763, January 19, 1764,
PTJ
1:11, 13–14; TJ to Fleming, March 20, October [?], 1763, ibid., 1:13, 16. For the best treatment of TJ's tortured relationship with Rebecca Burwell, see Jon Kukla,
Mr. Jefferson's Women
(New York, 2007), 16–40. See also Brodie,
Thomas Jefferson
, 64–67.

19
. TJ to Fleming,
PTJ
1:13; Kukla,
Mr. Jefferson's Women
, 35–37. The most complete elaboration on TJ's possible misogyny can be found in Kenneth A. Lockridge,
On the Sources of Patriarchal Rage: The Commonplace Books of William Byrd and Thomas Jefferson and the Gendering of Power in the Eighteenth Century
(New York, 1992).

20
. TJ to Page, February 21, 1770,
PTJ
1:36.

21
. Kukla,
Mr. Jefferson's Women
, 67–70. As for the appeal of Martha's wealth, historian Annette Gordon-Read observed in
The Hemingses of Monticello
(New York, 2008), 98–99, that despite all of her other admirable qualities, it was not likely that TJ would have married her had she been the daughter of a blacksmith.

22
. Henry S. Randall,
The Life of Thomas Jefferson
(New York, 1858), 1:34–35, 3:364; Joseph J. Ellis,
American Sphinx: The Character of Thomas Jefferson
(New York, 1997), 120; Peterson,
Thomas Jefferson and the New Nation
, 10; Malone,
Thomas Jefferson
, 1:48; Cunningham,
In Pursuit of Reason
, 22; Randall,
Thomas Jefferson
, 100; Jack McLoughlin,
Jefferson and Monticello
(New York, 1988), 438–39; Edmund Randolph, “Essay on the History of Virginia,”
Virginia Magazine of History and Biography
43 (1953): 115; Noble Cunningham, ed., “The Diary of Frances Few, 1808–1809,”
Journal of Southern History
29 (1963): 350–51;
DAJA
3:335–36; Gaillard Hunt, ed.,
The First Forty Years of Washington Society Portrayed by the Family Letters of Mrs. Samuel Harrison Smith
(New York, 1906), 26; Charles Francis Adams, ed.,
Memoirs of John Quincy Adams
(Philadelphia, 1874–77), 1:373; Arthur H. Shaffer, ed., Edmund Randolph,
History of Virginia
(Charlottesville, Va., 1979), 182–83, 213. The quote about TJ's “femininely soft” voice is in David Hawke,
A Transaction of Free Men: The Birth and Course of the Declaration of Independence
(New York, 1964), 21.

23
. Charles S. Sydnor,
Gentlemen Freeholders: Political Practices in Washington's Virginia
(Chapel Hill, N.C., 1952), 98–101.

24
. TJ, Autobiography, Padover,
Complete Thomas Jefferson
, 1121.

25
. TJ to Thomas Adams, February 20, 1771,
PTJ
1:61; [Thomas Jefferson],
A Summary View of the Rights of British America
(Williamsburg, Va., 1774), ibid., 1:123–24, 133, 135.

26
. Woody Holton,
Forced Founders: Indians, Debtors, Slaves, and the Making of the American Revolution in Virginia
(Chapel Hill, N.C., 1999), 3–73. The Lee and TJ quotations are from this source, page 72.

27
. Ellis,
American Sphinx
, 32–34; Peterson,
Thomas Jefferson and the New Nation
, 45–65; Malone,
Thomas Jefferson
, 1:173–79; H. Trevor Colbourn,
The Lamp of Experience: Whig History and the Intellectual Origins of the American Revolution
(Chapel Hill, N.C., 1965), 3–56, 158–60; Bernard Bailyn,
The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution
(Cambridge, Mass., 1967), 55–143; Gordon S. Wood,
The Creation of the American Republic, 1776–1787
(Chapel Hill, N. C., 1969), 10–45; Gordon S. Wood, “Conspiracy and the Paranoid Style: Causality and Deceit in the Eighteenth Century,
William and Mary Quarterly
39 (1982): 401–2. The quotation is from the Virginia non-importation agreement of 1769, written in part by GW and signed by TJ. See
PGWC
8:187–89n.

28
. TJ, Autobiography, in Padover,
Complete Thomas Jefferson
, 1122; Jefferson,
A Summary View
,
PTJ
1:135.

29
. Kukla,
Mr. Jefferson's Women
, 35, 39–40. For bibliography on TJ's malady, see the detailed endnotes in Kukla, pages 226–28.

30
. JA, Autobiography,
DAJA
3:335–36.
A Summary View
can be found in
PTJ
1:121–35. See also the editorial note in ibid., 1:669–76.

31
. Malone,
Thomas Jefferson
, 1:202.

32
. JA, Autobiography,
DAJA
3:335; JA to Pickering, August 6, 1822,
WJA
2:514n.

33
. Gordon-Reed,
The Hemingses of Monticello
, 125.

34
. Malone,
Thomas Jefferson,
1:203–17.

35
. TJ to Nelson, May 16, 1776,
PTJ
1:292, 293n; Nathan Schachner,
Thomas Jefferson: A Biography
(New York, 1951), 118.

36
. David McCullough,
John Adams
(New York, 2001), 120.

37
. JA, Autobiography,
DAJA
3:336.

38
. JA, Autobiography,
DAJA
3:336; TJ to BF, [June 21, 1776],
PTJ
1:404. See also
PBF
22:485. JA said that TJ asked for his suggestions before he showed the draft to Livingston and Sherman.

39
. JA to Pickering, August 6, 1822,
WJA
2:514n; John Ferling,
John Adams: A Life
(reprint, New York, 2010), 148; TJ to Henry Lee, May 8, 1825, in Lipscomb and Bergh,
Writings of Thomas Jefferson,
7:407.

40
. JA to Henry, June 3, 1776,
PJA
4:235.

41
. Committee of Secret Correspondence to Deane, July 8, 1776,
LDC
4:405; Pauline Maier,
American Scripture: Making the Declaration of Independence
(New York, 1997), 130.

42
. Carl Becker,
The Declaration of Independence: A Study in the History of Political Ideas
(reprint, New York, 1960), 151–52; TJ to Madison, August 30, 1823, in Ford,
Writings of Thomas Jefferson
, 10:267–69; “Jefferson's ‘original Rough draught' of the Declaration of Independence,”
PTJ
1:423–28, and the editorial note on the evolution of the text, ibid., 1:413–17; “John Adams' Copy of the Declaration of Independence, [ante June 28, 1776],
PJA
4:341–51; Julian Boyd,
The Declaration of Independence: The Evolution of the Text as Shown in Facsimiles of Various Drafts by Its Author
(Washington, D.C., 1943).

43
. Becker,
Declaration of Independence
, 105–14. Becker also thought that TJ's inclusion of “the pursuit of happiness” as a natural right had been derived from a essay published by James Wilson, though subsequent scholarship has shown that was not the case.

44
. Maier,
American Scripture
, 124–28;
Am Archives
4th series, 6:1537. Ironically, the Virginia Convention finally adopted the Declaration of Rights in a slightly modified form on June 12, the very day that the committee's draft—which TJ utilized—appeared in the Philadelphia newspaper. See John E. Selby,
The Revolution in Virginia, 1775–1783
(Williamsburg, Va., 1988), 100–110.

45
. Jay Fliegelman,
Prodigals and Pilgrims: The American Revolution Against Patriarchal Authority
(New York, 1982), 4; Eric Slauter, “The Declaration of Independence and the New Nation,” in Frank Shuffelton, ed.,
The Cambridge Companion to Thomas Jefferson
(Cambridge, 2009), 18; Peter S. Onuf, “A Declaration of Independence for Diplomatic Historians,” in Peter S. Onuf, ed.,
The Mind of Thomas Jefferson
(Charlottesville, Va., 2007), 66.

46
. Maier,
American Scripture
, 134.

47
. See also Herbert Lawrence Ganter, “Jefferson's ‘Pursuit of Happiness' and Some Forgotten Men,”
William and Mary Quarterly
, 2d series, 16 (1936): 422–34.

48
. George Anastaplo, “The Declaration of Independence,”
Saint Louis University Law Journal
9 (1964–65): 401.

49
. The term “war criminal” is appropriated from Garry Wills,
Inventing America: Jefferson's Declaration of Independence
(Garden City, N.Y., 1978), 310. Wills wrote that TJ accused the king of “a war crime for his complicity in enslaving Africans.”

50
. On British attempts to restrict emigration, see Bernard Bailyn,
Voyagers to the West: A Passage in the Peopling of America on the Eve of the Revolution
(New York, 1986), 29–66.

51
. For TJ's draft, see “Jefferson's ‘original Rough draught' of the Declaration of Independence,”
PTJ
1:423–28.

52
. TJ, Notes of Proceedings in the Continental Congress, June 7–August 1, 1776,
PTJ
1:313–14.

53
. Joseph Hawley to Gerry, June 13, 1776,
Am Archives
4th series, 6:845; Warren to Gerry, June 12, 1776, ibid., 6:829. Warren thought “ninety-nine in a hundred would engage, with their lives and fortunes, to support Congress” should it declare independence. Pauline Maier,
American Scripture
, should be consulted on the foot dragging in Massachusetts, where the upper chamber of the assembly sought to delay or inhibit the break with Great Britain and the lower house did not finally vote for independence until July 3. However, as Maier points out, since January 1776 the Massachusetts congressional delegation had as much authority to concur with the other delegations on a decision for independence as the North Carolina and Delaware congressmen received many months later. See her section on Massachusetts on pages 59–61.