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5. Joseph Buttinger,
VIETNAM: A DRAGON EMBATTLED
(New York: Praeger, 1967), 2:739.

6. Currey,
VICTORY AT ANY COST
, 175.

7. Bernard Fall,
STREET WITHOUT JOY
, 4th ed. (New York: Schocken, 1967), 44.

8. Michael Maclear,
THE TEN THOUSAND DAY WAR: VIETNAM, 1945–1975
(New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1981), 47.

9. Vo Nguyen Giap,
DIENBIENPHU
, trans. Lady Borton (Hanoi: The Gioi Publishers, 2004), 124.

10. Another Democratic senator who had joined Johnson in opposing intervention in Indochina was Mike Mansfield of Montana. His opposition remained steadfast over the years, but he later failed to talk Johnson out of going to war there. See Robert Mann,
A GRAND DELUSION: AMERICA’S DESCENT INTO VIETNAM
(New York: Basic Books, 2001), 156.

11. Lacouture’s comment is cited in Maclear,
TEN THOUSAND DAY WAR
, 49.

12. Bernard Fall’s
HELL IN A VERY SMALL PLACE
(Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1967) remains the finest study of this battle.

13. Cited in Davidson,
VIETNAM AT WAR
, 305.

14. Currey,
VICTORY AT ANY COST
, 239.

15. John Prados,
THE HIDDEN HISTORY OF THE VIETNAM WAR
(Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 1995), 57.

16. Cited in Maclear,
TEN THOUSAND DAY WAR
, 183.

17. Robert McNamara,
IN RETROSPECT: THE TRAGEDY AND LESSONS OF VIETNAM
(New York: Times Books, 1995), 243.

18. One of the most notable of these army officers was Lieutenant Colonel Anthony Herbert, whose memoir,
SOLDIER
(New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1973), detailed what this kind of war looked like and how he had achieved numerous successes with irregular tactics.

19. Don Oberdorfer,
TET!
(New York: Doubleday, 1971), 330.

18. BANDIT QUEEN: PHOOLAN DEVI

1. Eric Hobsbawm,
BANDITS
(New York: Delacorte Press, 1969), 58.

2. The term is from the Hindustani
DAKAIT
, meaning, roughly, rural secular bandit.

3. John Reed,
INSURGENT MEXICO
(New York: D. Appleton, 1914), 115.

4. Hobsbawm,
BANDITS
, 90.

5. For an overview of the Thugs, see Kim A. Wagner,
STRANGLERS AND BANDITS: A HISTORICAL ANTHOLOGY OF THUGGEE
(New York: Oxford University Press, 2009). The origin of “thug” is the Hindi word
THAG
, for deceiver or con man.

6. See Bhangya Bhukya, “Delinquent Subjects: Dacoity and the Creation of a Surveillance Society in Hyderabad State,”
INDIAN ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL HISTORY REVIEW
44, no. 2 (April–June 2007): 179–212.

7. Richard Shears and Isobelle Gidley,
DEVI: THE BANDIT QUEEN
(London: Allen & Unwin, 1984), 18.

8. There is a lively debate about the facts of Phoolan Devi’s life, so I shall stick to consensus views or, in their absence, describe the differing versions of her story.

9. Phoolan Devi, Marie-Thérèse Cuny, and Paul Rambali,
THE BANDIT QUEEN OF INDIA: AN INDIAN WOMAN’S AMAZING JOURNEY FROM PEASANT TO INTERNATIONAL LEGEND
(Guilford, Conn.: Lyons Press, 2003), 157.

10. Mary Anne Weaver, “India’s Bandit Queen,”
ATLANTIC
278, no. 5 (November 1996): 97.

11. Shears and Gidley,
DEVI, THE BANDIT QUEEN
, 77.

12. Cited in Irène Frain,
PHOOLAN
(Paris: Stock, 1993), 252.

13. Hobsbawm,
BANDITS
, 26.

14. Weaver, “India’s Bandit Queen,” 95–96.

15. Devi, Cuny, and Rambali,
THE BANDIT QUEEN OF INDIA,
viii.

16. Reinhard Bendix,
NATION-BUILDING AND CITIZENSHIP
(London: Wiley, 1964). Both quotes are on p. 54.

17. Weaver, “India’s Bandit Queen,” 104.

19. CHECHEN LION: ASLAN MASKHADOV

1. Eric Hobsbawm,
BANDITS
(New York: Delacorte Press, 1969), 20.

2. George F. Kennan,
THE CLOUD OF DANGER CURRENT REALITIES OF AMERICAN FOREIGN POLICY
(Boston: Little, Brown, 1977), 185.

3. Stasys Knezys and Romanas Sedlickas,
THE WAR IN CHECHNYA
(College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 1999), 94.

4. Carlotta Gall and Thomas de Waal,
CHECHNYA: CALAMITY IN THE CAUCASUS
(London: New York University Press, 1998), 191.

5. Cited in Knezys and Sedlickas,
WAR IN CHECHNYA
, 107.

6. Anatol Lieven,
CHECHNYA: TOMBSTONE OF RUSSIAN POWER
(New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1998), 33.

7. For a technically detailed account of how the Russians finally succeeded in killing Dudayev, see Knezys and Sedlickas,
WAR IN CHECHNYA
, 308–16.

8. Gall and de Waal,
CHECHNYA
, 331.

9. Cited in Knezys and Sedlickas,
WAR IN CHECHNYA
, 304.

10. Gall and de Waal,
CHECHNYA
, 367.

11. Mark Kramer, “The Perils of Counterinsurgency,”
INTERNATIONAL SECURITY
29, no. 3 (Winter 2004–2005): 7.

12. An excellent account of this conflict may be found in Eloise Engle and Lauri Paananen,
THE WINTER WAR
(Mechanicsburg, Pa.: Stackpole Books, 1992).

13. Anne Nivat,
CHIENNE DE GUERRE: A WOMAN REPORTER BEHIND THE LINES OF THE WAR IN CHECHNYA
(New York: Public Affairs, 2001), 189.

14. Kramer, “Perils of Counterinsurgency,” 6.

15. Kramer, “Perils of Counterinsurgency,” 34.

16. Mark Kramer, “The Russian-Chechen Conflict and the Putin-Kadyrov Connection,”
RUSSIAN ANALYTICAL DIGEST
, no. 22 (June 2007): 3.

A NOTE ON THE AUTHOR

John Arquilla
has been teaching in the special operations program at the U.S. Naval Postgraduate School since 1993. Before that, he was a RAND Corporation analyst. He earned his doctorate at Stanford University and is the author of several books and many articles on a wide range of topics in military and security affairs. His books include
FROM TROY TO ENTEBBE
,
NETWORKS AND NETWARS
,
THREE CIRCLES OF WAR
, and
WORST ENEMY: THE RELUCTANT TRANSFORMATION OF THE AMERICAN MILITARY
. His policy work has included advisory roles to senior leaders during Operation Desert Storm and in the Kosovo War. Since 9/11, he has been closely involved in several aspects of the global campaign against al Qaeda and affiliated terrorist networks. In recent years,
FOREIGN POLICY
magazine has listed him as one of the “top 100 global thinkers.” He lives with his family on California’s central coast.