James the Brother of Jesus and the Dead Sea Scrolls II (183 page)

5. See 1QH XII.22–5, XX.13–17, and XXI.13–15. It would be well for the reader to trace both this ‘
Power
’ and ‘
Light
’ language throughout the Scrolls.

6. See 1QH XII.18–22 and 30–33.

7. 1QpHab XI.2–15.

8. 1QS VIII.3–11.

9. 1QS VIII.6–7, but note too 1QM VI.6, XI.13 and 4QpPs37 IV.9, further solidifying the homogeneity of all these do
c
uments.

10. CD I.7.

11. For Paul’s ‘
building
’ language (to say nothing of ‘
planting
’ and ‘
plantation
’ imagery), see 1 Corinthians 3:6–14, 2 Cori
n
thians 5:1, and Ephesians 2:19–20 (if authentic).

12. For ‘
Precious Cornerstone
’ language as applied to Jesus, see Matthew 21:42 and
pars
., but also see Acts 4:11, Eph
e
sians 2:20, and 1 Peter 1:20 and 2:6–7.

13. Cf. Ephesians 5:2, 1 Peter 2:5, Hebrews 9:26, 10:5–11:4, 13:15–16, etc.

14. 1QS VIII.3–4.

15. 1QS VIII.10.

16. 1QH XIX.10–14.

17. 1QM XII.9.

18. 1QS II.23–25.

19. Cf. Matthew 22:37–9 and
pars
., James 1:12–2:8, Justin Martyr in
Dial
. 23, 47, and 93, etc.

20. Cf. 1QS II.24–5, VIII.2, CD VI.17–VII.2, XX.18–21, etc.

21.
War
2.128, 2.139,
Ant
. 15.375–9, and 18.117. Josephus also applies these two categories to his description of the first
Zaddik
, ‘
Simeon the Righteous’
, in
Ant
. 12.43.

22.
Epistle of Peter to James
4.5.

23. Cf. CD I.4, I.16, IIII.10, IV.6–8, VII.2, VIII.16–7, etc.

24. CD VIII.14–23.

25. Cf. Matthew 17:1–8 and
pars
. with Galatians 2:5–9.

26. 1QS VIII.1–7.

27. ‘
Perfection
’ and ‘
Perfection of the Way
’ are basic Qumran doctrines; cf. 1QS I.8, II.2, III.9, V.24, X.22–5, VIII.6–9, VIII.20, IX.19, XI.2, XI.10–11, CD I.20–21, II.15–6, VII.4–5, VIII.24–30, etc.

28. Cf. 1QpHab X.5–13.

29. CD I.6–11.

30. Matthew 22:37–9.

31. Cf. 1 Corinthians 8:1 with 1QpHab VII.14–16.

32. Cf. 1QpHab X.5–13.

33.
War
2.128–148.

34.
Ant
. 18.117.

35. Cf.
War
2.123, 129, and 161,
Vita
11–12.

36. 1QS IV.6–8.

37. Cf. Acts 6:5ff. and Eusebius in
E.H.
2.1.2.

38. See
War
2.155, Hippolytus 9.21, Eusebius,
E.H
. 3.32.6, and Epiphanius,
Haeres
. 78.14.5–6

39. Cf.
Haeres
. 19.4.1, 30.3.1–6, 30.17.5, and
Abstract
30.2.

40. 1QS IV.19–21.

41. See CD III.18–20 and 1QM III.20 and XI.11.

42. 1QS II.23–III.4.

43. Aside from all the other parallels, it is Paul, as we shall see, who constantly refers to the fact that he ‘
does not lie
’ – cf. Galatians 1:20 (in the context of averring to having met James), 2 Corinthians 11:30, Romans 3:7 and 9:1, 1 Timothy 2:7, etc.

44. 1QS III.9–12. Note he is ‘
the pleasing atonement
’ and it is he who ‘
will be washed by purifying waters and sanctified by cleansing waters’.
Also see 1QS I.15 and III.10 and cf. 4Q266, lines 17–18 on expelling a person who ‘
departs from the right or the left of the
Torah’
.

45. 1QS III.7–9.

46.
Ant
. 18.117.

47. 1QS XI.5–9

48. Cf. 1 Corinthians 12:14–27 and Ephesians 2:19–22.

49.
Haeres
. 30.15.3 and 21.1 and
Hom
. 10.1, 11.1, 11.26–30, 12.6, 13.4–5 (just like ‘
Essenes’
, calling these things ‘
Piety t
o
wards God
’), etc.

50. 1QS II.15, IV.7, VIII.10–16, and IX.19–23.

51. 1QM X.4–5 and cf. VII.5–6.

52. Cf. 1QS I.19–26, X.18, 1QM I.5, IV.13, XI.11–2, XIV.4–5, XVIII.7,CD XX.19–34, etc.

53. See Acts 9:31 (this describing all the Churches in Judea), 10:5 (describing Cornelius, a Roman Centurion!), 13:16 (here Paul really uses the term to describe Gentiles associated with the Synagogue he is addressing in Antioch at Pisidia), but also Paul’s own use of the formulation – sometimes even sarcastically – in Romans 3:18, 8:15, 13:7, 2 Corinthians 7:1 (perhaps the most ‘
Perfect
’ formulation of the usage), Ephesians 5:21, etc.

54. Cf. Acts 2:21, 3:6, 4:7–17, 5:28, etc. with CD IV.3–4 (the definition of ‘
the Sons of Zadok
’).

55. Cf. CD VI.15, VII.1, and VIII.8.

56. CD XX.34, basically the last line of the revised historical exhortation in the Damascus Document.

57. Cf. 1QM XI.5–XII.14 and XVII.7–XIX.13.

58. Cf. 1QS I.8, II.2, III.9, V.24, VIII.9, IX.19, X.22, XI.10–11, CD I.20–21, II.15–6, XX.2–8, etc.

59. See Hippolytus 9.21,
JBJ
, pp. 309, 709, 764, 898.

60. For Paul’s contempt for ‘
the
Torah
as given by the hand of Moses’,
see in particular Galatians 2:16–21, 3:17–4:11, 4:24–4:30, and 2 Corinthians 3:1–18.

61. 1QS VIII.13–18.

62. Cf. 1QM VII.5 and 4Q448 II.7.

63. See 1QM XI.6–XII.10.

64. 1QM XI.10–15.

65. See A.N. Sherwin-White,
The Roman Citizenship
, Oxford, 1939, pp. 270–5, the Romans being ‘
the Lord of the Peoples
’ (‘
Princeps Gentium
’).

66. 1QM XI.13–15.

67. Cf.
JBJ
, pp. 226, 270–1, 386, 434, 461–2, 564–76, 728, 741, and 824–5.

68.
Vir. ill.
2.

69. See
Zohar
on ‘
Balak and Balaam
’, 193a–97a.

70. Cf. 1QpHab VIII.2–3 with X.3–5 and XII.14–XIII.4.

71. 1QpHab XII.14 and XIII.2–3.

72. Cf. Matthew 10:15, 11:22–4, 12:20 and 36, etc., 2 Peter 2:9 and 3:7, Jude 6 and 15.

73. For the widespread allusions to ‘
the Day of Judgement
’/‘
the Last Day
’ in the Koran, see 78.17–8, 81.1–14, 82.12–19, 83.11, 85.2, etc.; for the categories of persons known as ‘
idolaters
’ and ‘
hypocrites’
, see 2.8–20, 105, 113–4, 135, 3,167, 4.48–89, 136–43, 5.60, 82, 8.49, 9.1–64, etc..

74. 1QpHab V.3–5.

75. Cf. CD I.19 with IV.7.

76. Cf. 1QpHab V.3–5.

77. Jude 14–5.

78. 1QM XII.8; cf. CD I.7 and variously throughout that document and elsewhere.

79. Cf. 4Q521 II.5.

80. 1QM XII.5–9. This allusion occurs in 1QM XII.7.

81. See 1QM XII.9–10 and XIX.2–3.

82. 1QM XIX.3–8.

83. See, for instance, Koran 73.12, 82.15, 92,14, 111.3 or 96.1–5 on ‘
The Night of Power’
.

84. Cf. 1QM XII.10 and XIX.2.

85. 1QM XII.10–16 and XIX.2–8.

86. See James 4:4–8 and
NTC
, pp. 132–5 and 153–61.

Chapter 14

1.
Haeres
. 30.16.1–4. Also cf. John 3:36.

2. 1QS VIII.3–10.

3. 1QS VIII.3–4.

4. Matthew 16:21, 17:12, and
pars
., Acts 17:2–3, 29:23, 1 Corinthians 5:7, 12:26, Hebrews 9:26, 11:25, etc.

5. 1QS VIII.6–7, 10 and IX.5.

6. 1QS VIII.1.

7. 1QS VIII.9.

8. 2 Corinthians 2:16–17.

9. Cf. Ps.
Hom
11.35 and Epistle of Clement to James 20.

10. 1QS IX.2.

11. 1QS IX.3–6.

12. For some of the first examples of this sort of ideology in Judaism, see Tobit 1:7–8, 4:7–12, 12:8–10, etc.

13. Cf. 1QS VIII.4–11 and IX.6.

14. 1QH XIV, 25–7 and XV.8–9.

15.
Ant
. 19.332–4.

16. Eusebius,
E.H.
2.23.17.

17. See, for instance, the crucial attack on
‘the Righteous One and all the Walkers in Perfection
’ in CD I.20 and such ‘
soul
’ language, not only in Isaiah 53:11 – its probable origin – but also in 1QH IX.9–10, X.32–4 (
nephesh-Ebion
and
nephesh
-‘
Ani
), XI.25, XIII.6, XIII.13, etc.

18. See Revelation 2:28, 8:10–11, 9:1 and 22:6.

19. 4QpIsa
a
III.11–24 interpreted in terms of ‘
the Branch of David
’.

20. CD IV.16–19.

21. See
MZCQ
, pp. 19–31 and 35–38 and
JJHP
, pp. 1–20 and the Appendix in pp. 87–94 and variously.

22. CD V.14–15. This significantly follows the material banning, on the basis of legal analogy with Leviticus 18:13, ma
r
riage with close family cousins (unknown to Jewish Law previously) and the John the Baptist-like imprecations (in Josephus, also based on objections to Herodian marital practices) about ‘
kindlers of Fire
’ and ‘
their offspring being those of vipers
’ in V.7–14.

23. For these traditions about Jacob of Kfar Sechania, see b.
A.Z
. 27b,
Tos. Hul
2:22–3, and j.
Shab
. 14:4 and
A.Z.
2:2, 40d as well as
JBJ
, pp. 217–29.

24. See
JJHP
, pp. 62–74 and my article on this subject in
DSSFC
, pp. 332–51: ‘
The Final Proof that James and the Righ
t
eous Teacher are the Same
,’ first given to the Society of Biblical Literature in 1994.

25. W
ar
2.143.

26. Cf. Hippolytus 9.21.

27. Ps.
Rec
1:39.

28. Cf. CD III.21–IV10 and V.7–17, etc. with Hebrews 4:14–16 and 7:26–8:2.

29. See how Peter, John, and the other Apostles seem to go to the Temple every day in Acts 3:1–4:3, 5:12–16, 5:19–25, etc. This picture is, of course, paralleled in the Pseudoclementines and in Epiphanius’ quotes from the
Anabathmoi
.

30. See Eusebius,
E.H
. 2.23.6–17 and
pars
.

31. Cf. Paul in 1 Corinthians 8:1–9:1, 10:14–32, and 11:26–30.

32. See
War
2.405–29.

33. See
War
2.7/
Ant
. 17.207.

34. See
War
2.117–18 (introducing his diversion to talk about the ‘
Three Jewish Philosophies
’) and
Ant
. 18.1–10 (introdu
c
ing ‘
the
Sicarii
Movement
’ of Judas the Galilean and Sadduk and only after this the ‘
Three Jewish Philosophies
’ – the shift is significant).

35. Ben Sira 44:1.

36. 2 Peter 2:6. Cf. the crucial attack on
‘the Righteous One
’ in CD I.20 and in 1QH IX.9–10, X.32–4, XI.25, XIII.6, XIII.13, etc.

37.
Vita
11–12.

38. For
the Rechabites
, see Jeremiah 35:1–19, and
JBJ
, pp. 229–47, 456–69, and 728–72.

39. Cf. 1QS III.20–5 and IX.14.

40. See my general discussion of this inability to relate to literary metaphor and wordplay in
MZCQ
, pp. 3–16, 19–27, and 41–46.