James the Brother of Jesus and the Dead Sea Scrolls II (185 page)

2.
E.H.
3.5.3–4.

3. CD IV.2–3 and VI.4–5.

4. 1QpHab XII.5.

5. See
E.H.
3.5.1–6.32.

6. See
War
6.312–5.

7.
War
6.288–300.

8.
Haeres
. 29.7.7.

9. See
The Haran Gawaita and the Baptism of Hibil-Ziwa
, tr. E.S. Drower, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticano, Citta del Vaticano, 1953, pp. viii–xi and 2–17.

10.
E.H.
1.7.14 and cf. Epiphanius in
Haeres
. 29.7.7, who both knows that ‘
Cocaba
’ is based on ‘
Star
’ and places it ‘
in B
a
shan
’ which is on the way to
Damascus
not far from
the region of Pella
and
the Decapolis
a little further South. There is a di
s
crepancy here.

11.
E.H.
1.7.14.

12.
E.H.
4.6.4.

13. 1 Apoc Jas. 5.25.10–20.

14. Once one dispenses with the dissimulation of ‘
the two sons of Zebedee’
, there is little doubt that what one is really r
e
ferring to – and this in all sources – is the martyrdom of the two brothers ‘
James and Simon
’, whether one is talking about ‘
the two sons of Judas the Galilean
’ by those names or ‘
Simon the Zealot
’ or, for that matter his double ‘
Simeon bar Cleophas
’ or ‘
James
’ himself/
‘James the son of Alphaeus
’ (i.e.,‘
Cleophas
’).

15. Luke 24:13–35.

16. See S.G.F. Brandon in
Jesus and the Zealots
, NewYork, 1967, pp. 208–218 and in his earlier
Fall of Jerusalem
, pp. 168–73 and 263–4; W. Farmer,
Maccabees, Zealots and Josephus
, NewYork, 1957, p. 125; and G. Strecker,
Das Judenchistentum in den Pseudoklemintinen
, Berlin, 1959, pp. 229–31; and cf.
MZCQ
, pp. 80–1 and 89–91.

17. Cf. Acts 5:36 and 1 Apoc. Jas 5.25.15–29.

18.
Ant
. 20.97–8.

19. Cf. Acts 9:1–3 with Ps.
Rec
1.70–1.

20.
War
2.433–449 and
Vita
21.

21. See
War
7.252–406.

22. See 4Q266 (The Last Column of the Damascus Document) and my discussion in
DSSU
, pp. 212–19.

23. See E.S. Drower,
The Haran Gawaita and the Baptism of Hibil-Ziwa
, pp. viii–xi and 2–17.

24.
War
2.93–5 and
Ant
. 17.188 and 318–20.

25.
War
2.457–68.

26.
Ibid
. and
Vita
341–2 and 410.

27. See
Zohar
59b on Noah and quoting Proverbs 10:25.

28. See Eusebius,
E.H.
2.23.18–21, Clement in
E.H.
2.5.3, Origen,
Contra Celsum
1.47, Jerome,
Vir. ill.
2, Epiphanius,
Haeres
78.14, etc.

29. See
War
6.300–309.

30. Cf.
War
6.300–308 with
Ant
. 20.200–02.

31. See
Ant
. 20.17. That this King also had a large harem is testified to in 20.20.

32. See Moses of Chorene,
History of Armenia
2.25. In Roman and Latin sources, this King is often called ‘
Acbarus
’ and he is referred to as ‘
King of the Arabs
’ – see, for instance,Tacitus,
Annals
12.12.

33. W
ar
6.300–301.

34. Matthew 9:15, 25:1–102, John 3:29–30, and
pars
.

35. W
ar
6.302–305.

36. See Eisler,
The Messiah Jesus and John the Baptist
, pp. 113–82 and the
JewishWar
, 1959 Penguin Edition, tr. by G.A. Wi
l
liamson,
Appendix on the Slavonic Josephus
, pp. 402–5.

37. See
JBJ
, pp. 183–4, 814–6, and 922.

38. See
Ant
. 20.17–20, 51–53, and 101–102.

39. See my discussion of the whole range of these kinds of complexities in
JBJ
, pp. 807–16, 853–82, and 930–38.

Chapter 17

1. Ps.
Rec.
1.49–52.

2.
Ant.
20.139–41.

3. 11QT LVII.15–19.

4. See
Ant.
18.253–6, 20.145–146, and
Vita
119. Note that Bernice’s first marriage in
Ant.
19.276–7 was to Marcus, the son of Alexander the Alabarch of Alexandria (and probably Philo’s nephew), the richest man in Alexandria.

5. See
Ant.
19.363–5, 20.173–84, and cf.
War
2.457–93.

6.
Ant.
20.197–215.

7.
Vita
13–16.

8.
Vita
364–67.

9. Cf. John 12:10–11 with the more extensive ‘plotting’ preceding it in John 11:45–54.

10. Cf. Acts 6:11 with
E.H.
2.23.16–25 and pars.

11. See
War
3.536–41 and cf. Suetonius 6.19 on ‘Nero’.

12.
Ant.
1.8–9.

13. Cf.
War
2.227 with
Ant.
20.112.

14.
War
2.228–31 and
Ant.
20.113.

15. See Ps.
Rec.
1.72–73.

16.
Ant.
20.124 and cf.
War
2.238.

17.
Ant.
20.127 and cf.
War
2.232–46.

18. Cf.
War
2.239–44 with
Ant.
20.130–131. For Tacitus’ comment, see
Annals
12.54.

19. See
Ant.
20.130 above and
War
2.241. Also, for the various crucifixions at Lydda in Talmudic tradition, see
JBJ
, pp. 494–7 and 1018 and
Suk.
52a–52b, which considers that ‘the Messiah ben Joseph’ – probably the Samaritan Messiah – who was supposed to precede ‘the Messiah ben Judah’ (the Judean one) was crucified there. Also, another curious
nom a clef
(prob
a
bly for Jesus or Simon
Magus
), ‘Ben Stada’, is mentioned in
San.
67a – cf.
San.
43a and Shab. 104b, which says he brought ‘magic from Egypt’ – as having been crucified there. For more on ‘the martyrs at Lydda’, see
B.B.
10b and
Pes.
50a.

20. See above on the Samaritan ‘Messiah’ or ‘
Taheb
’ and Acts 9:32–43 on how Peter meets all ‘the Saints that lived at Lydda’ just prior to his ‘tablecloth vision’ in 10:1–32, among whom are ‘Dorcas’, a.k.a. ‘Tabitha’, a woman whom quite natura
l
ly he raises from the dead! In any event, ‘Ben Stada’ is probably another corruption of ‘the Standing One’ and one should note that for the Pseudoclementines (
Rec.
2.7–12 and
Hom.
2.17–32), ‘Dositheus’ (i.e., ‘Doetus’) is a Samaritan Disciple with Simon
Magus
of John the Baptist. For Josephus, though the ‘Doetus’ who is executed here at Lydda by Quadratus is a Samaritan, he is ‘a
Leader of the Jews
’ (thus). Curiously enough, in
War
4.145–6, Josephus identifies another individual, ‘John the son of Dorcas’ (i.e., ‘Doetus’) as the ‘Zealot’ assassin who creeps into the Temple prison and assassinates Saulos’ and Costobarus’ kinsman, Antipas the Temple Treasurer.

21. Cf. Acts 11:19–26 with Ps.
Rec.
1.70–71.

22. Ps.
Hom.
11.15.

Chapter 18

1. Cf. 1QpHab V.11–12 with CD I.15–16.

2. These usages occur in CD VI.2, VI.7, VI.11, XII.20–21, XIII.2, XX.14, etc., whereas the actual allusion to
‘the Teacher of Righteousness
’ occurs in I.11.

3. Cf. 1QS VI.12, VI.19–20, CD IX.17–19, IX.22, XIII.5–7, 13–16, XIV.8–12, XV.7–8, XV.11, XV.14, XVI.6–7 and 4Q266 8–9.

4. Cf. CD XIII.6.

5. CD XIV.8–10.

6. CD IV.19–21 and VIII.13/CD XIX.31–32 and cf. CD I.14–15, XX.10–11, 1QpHab V.11, X.9–12, etc.

7. Cf. CD VI.10–11.

8. CD XX.10–12.

9. CD XX.14–15.

10. Ibid.

11. See 1QH II.31 and IV.9–10 and cf. CD XX.10–11.

12. The material about ‘
the
Dajjal
’ in Islamic tradition is generally to be found in the
Hadith
literature, but it is a deep-seated belief among Sunnis.

13. Cf. 4Q270, Frag. 2, Col. II.13–14 and cf. 4Q266, Frag. 8, Col. II.

14. CD V.21–VI.2.

15. CD I.14–16 and cf. 4Q266, Frag. 11, Lines 10–14.

16. See 1QpHab II.1–10.

17. 1QpHab I.11, VIII.8 and 16, etc. and 4QpPs37 IV.8–10.

18. 1QpHab VIII.16–17 and XI.12–14.

19. See
The Messiah Jesus and John the Baptist
, NewYork, 1931, pp. 540–46.

20. See, for instance, how ‘
the Sons of Zadok
’ are described in CD IV.2–4 or ‘
the Priesthood after the Order of Melchiz
e
dek
’ in Hebrews 5:4–11 and 7:5–28. The point is that both these designations are parallel and playing off the usage ‘
Z-D-K
’ or ‘
Righteousness
’ in Hebrew.

21. 1QpHab VIII.13 and XII.8

22. Cf.
War
2.409–416 with 1QpHab II.3–6.

23. 1QpHab II.1–6, but also see CD XX.14–15.

24. Cf. James 1:22–27, 2:9–12, 4:11, and 4:17 and the ‘
doing
’, ‘
keeping
’, and ‘
breaking
’ usages in CD I.20, II.18–III.3, III.12, IV.1, VI.14, XX.2, XX.17, XX.21–22 and 1QpHab II.6, VII.11, VIII.1, etc.

25. Cf. 1QpHab XII.4–5 with 3–5 and 4QpNah IV.5–7 with 4QpPs37 II.9–10, III.10, 1QS VI.20, VIII.10–25, VIII.19, etc.

30. 4QpNah IV.4–8.

31. See Isaiah 7:2–17, 11:13, Jeremiah 31:6–20, Ezekiel 37:16–19, Hosea 4:17–14:8, etc.

32. Cf. CD XX.19–20 with 1 Corinthians 11:24–5 and Luke 22:19.

33. Ps.
Rec
. 1.70–71.

34. See S. Goranson, ‘
Essenes: Etymology from
‘
Asah
’,
Revue de Qumran
, XV, 1984, pp. 483–98.

35. Cf. 4QpNah III.1–10 and 1QpHab X.5–13.

36. 4QpNah III.1–2.

37. 1QpHab VI.3–8.

38. See
War
6.316.

39. See
JJHP
, pp. 27–8 and
War
3.132–4, 141–339, 409–54, 4.11–83, etc.

40. 1QpHab VIII.11–13 and IX.4–7.

41. Cf.
Ant
. 20.181 and 206–7.

42. See
War
2.409–416.

43. 1QpHab VII.8–VIII.3.

44. 1QpHab VII.4–5.

45. 1QpHab II.1–10.

46. 1QpHab II.6–10.

47. The description of these ‘
Kittim
’ – their ferocity, ruthlessness, and unstoppability – dominate Columns 1QpHab II.10–IV.14 and V.13–VI.11.