James the Brother of Jesus and the Dead Sea Scrolls II (184 page)

41. Cf. 1 Maccabees 4:36–61, 2 Maccabees 1:1–2:24, and 10:1–8,
Ant
. 12.323–6, and my discussion of these matters in
MZCQ
, pp. 12–16.

42. See
Ant
. 12.414 and 419–34. Josephus refers three times here to the
High Priesthood
of Judas and makes it clear that he was

‘
elected by the People
’ in the ‘
Zealot
’ manner.

43. See John 2:13–22 and the Synoptic parallels.

44. See
Surah
2.43.

45. See Tobit 1:7–8, 4:7–12, 12:8–10, etc.

Chapter 15

1.
Haeres
. 30.16.7–8.

2. See Acts 3:1–4:3, and 5:20–33, Ps.
Rec.
1.55–71.

3. See Hennecke,
New Testament Apocrypha
, II, pp. 88–111 and also Epiphanius’
Haeres
. 30.15.1.

4. See
The Nag Hammadi Library in English,
ed. by J.M. Robinson, Harper and Row, 1977, pp. 242–55.

5. 1Qp Hab II.7–10 and cf. VII.4–8.

6. 1QpHab VII.7–8.

7. Koran 2.4, 27.66, 32.7, 49.19, etc. The Arabic here is ‘
gheib
’ – ‘
absent
’/‘
hidden
’/‘
unseen’
, but it is the equivalent to what would otherwise be called ‘
Mystery’
.

8. See in the
Homilies
, Epistle of Peter to James 4.1–5.1 and 1QS IX.16–21.

9. See S.G.F. Brandon in
Jesus and the Zealots
, NewYork, 1967, pp. 114–41.

10. See CD VI.3–21
.

11.
Haeres
. 30.16.1–8.

12. CD VI.14–16.

13.
Ant
. 20.181 and 206.

14. 1QpHab XII.2–10.

15. CD VI.15.

16. CD VII.1.

17. CD VIII.5–12.

18. CD VIII.6 and cf. V.5–1 and VII.1.

19. CD VIII.7–8.

20. See A.N. Sherwin-White,
The Roman Citizenship, Oxford,
1939, pp. 270–75, the Romans being ‘
the Lord of the Peoples
’ (‘
Princeps Gentium
’), but also see how Eusebius uses the term when he speaks in
E.H.
1.13.2 when he speaks of Abgarus,
‘the King of the Peoples beyond the Euphrates
.’

21. CD VIII.10–12.

22. This is the famous ‘
Generation of Vipers
’ in Matthew 3:7, 12:34, and 23:33 and pars.

23. CD VIII.12–13.

24. Cf. James 2:8–10 with CD VI.20–21.

25. CD VI.19–20.

26. For the
Priesthood
, see Exodus 22:31, 28:2–31:10, 39:1–41, Number 16:3, etc.; for the
Nazirite
, Numbers 6:1–21.

27. See 4Q266 7–8, and CD XIV.8–9. It should be appreciated that F.M. Cross in
The Ancient Library of Qumran
, pp. 232–3, was probably one of the first persons to understand this equivalence.

28. See
DSSU
, pp. 212–19 and Plates nos. 19–20.

29. Hippolytus 9.21.

30. 1QS IX.23 and 4QpNah I.3–11.

31. Cf.
DSSU
, pp. 180–200 and I.2–24.

32. Ps.
Rec
1.36–7.

33. See, for instance, Eusebius,
E.H.
1.7.11–13 and Josephus,
Ant
. 19.332–4.

34.
M. Sota
8:12; cf.
M. Bik
. 3.4.

35.
Ant
. 19.332–48.

36. See Dio Cassius 68.14.5–33.3 and 67.14.1–18.2. Trajan, whose father had participated under Vespasian in the ca
m
paigning in Palestine, had virtually decimated the Jewish population of Egypt in the wake of seeming ‘Messianic’ disturbances there around the period 105–115 CE and Hadrian had done the same in Palestine during the Bar Kochba Revolt from 132–6 CE.

37. See our discussion of this episode in
JBJ
, pp. 286–9, 534–7, 623–42, etc.

38. See 11QT LVI.10–15.

39. 11QT LVII.15–7.

40. See CD IV.17–V.15, VIII.5–8, and 4Q
MMT
II.3–57; also see 11QT XLVI.6–12 and XLVII.8–18.

41. See
War
2.409–26.

42. See
Ant
. 20.189–96 and my treatment of this episode in
JBJ
, pp. 487–521 and 778–98.

43. The first person to propose this position was S.G.F. Brandon in his two books, J
esus and the Zealots
, NewYork, 1967, pp. 115–25 and 158–89 and
The Fall of Jerusalem and the Christian Church
, London, 1951, but he was basing himself for the most part on Robert Eisler,
The Messiah Jesus and John the Baptist
, NewYork, 1931, pp. 141–52, 221–80, 449–53, 518–27, 540–61, and 593–4, whom he mentions throughout and who really was the first to critically recognize the important of James in this regard and his role as an ‘
Opposition High Priest’
, a position which I too have adopted.

44. See Eusebius,
E.H.
2.23.18–21; Origen,
Contra Celsum
1.47; Jerome,
Vir. ill.
2; Clement,
Hypotyposes
6.13; and Epiphanius,
Haeres
. 66.20.1 and 78.14. I have covered these matters in detail in
JBJ
.

45.
War
2.409–26.

46. 4Q
MMT
II.3–9.

47. For these ‘
complaints’
, see Epiphanius,
Haeres
. 30.16.5–7.

48. Cf.
Ant
. 20.216 with Eusebius’ testimony regarding James in
E.H.
2.23.6 and
pars
.

49. See 1QpHab XI.4–XII.10 and 4QpPs37 II.18–20 and IV.8–10.

50. See, for instance,
E.H.
3.27.1–6 on ‘
the Heresy of the Ebionites’
.

51.
Haeres
. 30.16.8–9.

52. These two were both called ‘
Tigranes
’ and, as Josephus traces their genealogy, they are descendants of
Mariamme
, the last true Maccabean Princess, via her older son Alexander, and Glaphyra, the daughter of the King of Cappadocia – see Jos
e
phus,
Ant
. 18.139–40 and
War
1.552 and 2.221–22.

53. See
Ant
. 20.140 and 147,
Apion
1.51, and Acts 23:16.

54. See
War
2.418, 2.556–9, 4.140–6, and
Ant
.

20.214.

55. See
JBJ
, pp. 537–49 and 885–92; for his execution, see
War
4.359–63.

56.
Ant
. 20.214, but also see their later exploits in
War
2.418 and 556–9.

57.
War
1.486 and
Ant
. 15.252–266, 16.227, and 18.133.

58. Cf.
Ant
. 20.214 with Acts 8:1–3. We have discussed it quite extensively in
MZCQ
, pp. 38, 76,
JJHP
, pp. 4, 22, 39, and
JBJ
pp. xxxii, 166–87, 444–53, 599–612, 834–6, etc.

59. Ps.
Rec
1.70–71.

60. Cf.
Ant
. 20.214 with 1QpHab IX.3–7 and XII.2–10 and CD VIII.5–12.

61. See 1QpHab IX.2–12.

62. See 4QpPs37 II.20 and IV.10.

63. See
War
2.411–422.

64. See
War
2.556–8.

65. See
Ant
. 18.130–42 and 20.138–9.

66. Josephus himself remarks that Agrippa I seemed to have ambitions of founding an Empire of some kind with other petty Kings in the East and Saulos’ conduct seems to have fallen under a cloud of some kind, which is why he was urged by Agrippa II to report to Nero in Corinth (the last one hears of him), especially with the butchering of the Roman garrison in Jerusalem and the circumcision of its Commander. For Paul’s attitude towards such a polity of ‘
Jews and Greeks
’, which his religious efforts seemed aimed at establishing, see Romans 1:16, 2:9–10, 10:12, 1 Corinthians 1:24, Galatians 3:28, and Colo
s
sians 3:11.

67.
War
7.219–243.

68.
Ant
. 20.139–43.

69. See
Ant
. 20.139–40.

70. See Acts 23:24–24:27 and 25:10–27:1.

71. See
Ant
. 15.105, 17.11–80 and 324–38 (on a false ‘
Alexander
’), and 18.139–40 and
War
1.552–56.

72.
Ant
.
18.140.

73. See
JBJ
, pp. 793–801.

74.
Ant
.
18.141.

75. See 1QpHab XII.2–10.

76. See Suetonius 6.49.3–4 and 8.14.4 and Dio Cassius 63.28.1–2 and 67.15.1;
JBJ
, pp. 791–97.

77. See Suetonius 8.15.1, 8.17.1–2, Dio Cassius 67.14, and
E.H.
3.18.3–5.

78.
War
2.556–8.

79. See
Ant
. 19.299–325 (here is another character missing in the
War
).

80. See
Vita
407–9 – this in addition to the material in
War
2.556–8 above.

81. See
War
2.214–22 and
Ant
. 19.353, 20.13–16, 104, and 158.

82.
War
1.187–203 and
Ant.
16.52–4.

83. See how Aretas, the King of Petra, took control of Coele Syria and Damascus in the early First Century B.C.E. in
Ant
. 13.392 and 14.34, 40, and 74. After that, it seemed to have a variety of Roman Governors, but in the mini-war between Herod the Tetrarch and Aretas, his descendant, after the execution of John the Baptist, Aretas seems to have retaken control of it for awhile if Acts 9:22–5 is at all credible; see
Ant
. 18.109–25.

84. Cf. Acts 9:1–2 with the far more detailed account in Ps.
Rec
1.70–1.

85. See, for instance,
War
1.401–28, 7.172–77,
Ant
. 15.267–364, 16.136–59.

86.
War
1.437 and
Ant
. 15.25–64 and 20.247–8.

87. See
Haeres
. 30.16.8–9 and cf. 20.1.1–6, which shows he has really read his Josephus very carefully.

88. See Eusebius,
E.H.
1.7.11 and 14.

89.
Ibid
., 1.7.13. Eusebius claims to be taking this information from Julius Africanus (170–245 CE), but one may see this clearly as well in Josephus’ comments in
Ant
. 14.491 where uncharacteristically (because he is comparing him with his own ancestors, the Maccabees), he shows his utter contempt for Herod’s ‘
base
’ origins.

90. See
War
2.422–28.

91. See
War
2.520.

92. See
War
4.491–3, Suetonius 6.49.3–4, 8.14.4, and Dio Cassius 63.28.2 and 67.15.1.

93. See Suetonius 7.8.1–9.2.

94. See Dio Cassius 68.14.4.

95. See Tacitus,
Annals
15.65–16.17.

96. Cf. Acts 23:35, 24:23, and 28:30–31 and see
E.H.
2.22.2–8.

Chapter 16

1. For Eusebius, see
E.H.
3.5.3; for Epiphanius, see
Haeres
. 29.7.7, 30.2.7, and
De pond. et mens.
15; for 1 Apoc Jas., see 5.25.15 and 5.35.15–20.