Leningrad: The Epic Siege of World War II, 1941-1944 (61 page)

18
Nadezhda Cherepenina, ‘Assessing the Scale of Famine and Death in the Besieged City’, in John Barber and Andrei Dzeniskevich, eds,
Life and Death in Besieged Leningrad 1941–44
, pp. 47–8.

19
Lazarev, ‘Vospominaniya o blokadye’,
Trudy Gosudarstvennogo Muzeya Istorii Sankt-Peterburga
,
vol. 5, p. 207 (11 February 1942).

20
Richard Bidlack, ‘Survival Strategies in Leningrad during the First Year of the Soviet-German War’, in Robert Thurston and Bernd Bonwetsch, eds,
The People’s War: Responses to World War Two in the Soviet Union
, p. 93.

21
Chekrizov, ‘Dnevnik blokadnogo vremeni’,
Trudy Gosudarstvennogo Muzeya Istorii Sankt-Peterburga
, vol. 8, p. 50 (5 February 1942).

22
Report to Zhdanov and Kuznetsov by Antyufeyev, 5 February 1942. TsGAIPD SPb: Fond 24, op. 2v.
Notes to Pages 220–231

23
Vladimir Garshin, ‘Tam gde smert pomogayet zhizni’,
Arkhiv Patologii
, vol. 46, no. 5, 1984, p. 84.

24
Inber,
Leningrad Diary
, p. 33 (25 November 1941).

25
Ales Adamovich and Daniil Granin,
A
Book of the Blockade
, pp. 424, 440.

26
Geraldine Norman,
The Hermitage: The Biography of a Great Museum
,
p. 252.

27
Aleksandr Boldyrev,
Osadnaya zapis: blokadniy dnevnik
, pp. 25–8 (9 and 10 December 1941).

28
Ibid., p. 56 (12 February 1942).

29
‘Dnevnik I. M. Chaiko’,
Trudy Gosudarstvennogo Muzeya Istorii Sankt-Peterburga
, vol. 5, p. 117 (25 March 1943).

30
Nikolai Ribkovsky, in Nataliya Kozlova, ed.,
Sovetskiye lyudi: stseny iz istorii
, pp. 263–4 (15 March 1942).

31
Vera Kostrovitskaya, April 1942. In Simmons and Perlina, eds,
Writing the Siege
, pp. 47–52.

32
Nikolai Sokolov, ‘Tyoplaya vanna dlya begemota: zoosad v gody voiny’,
Rodina
1, 2003. I. M. Gergilevich,
Podvig tvoi bessmerten (1942–1945)
, unpublished paper.

33
Report by the ‘Burial Affairs’ section of the City Communal Enterprises Management, 5 April 1943. Dzeniskevich, ed.,
Leningrad v osade
, doc. 153, pp. 319–43.

34
Sofia Buryakova, in Simmons and Perlina, eds,
Writing the Siege
, pp. 100–101.

35
Lazarev, ‘Vospominaniya o blokadye’,
Trudy Gosudarstvennogo Muzeya Istorii Sankt-Peterburga
,
vol. 5, pp. 202
–
4 (24 January 1942).

36
Likhachev,
Reflections on the Russian Soul
, p. 250.

37
Barber and Dzeniskevich, eds,
Life and Death in Besieged Leningrad, 1941–44
, pp. 1, 63. The Burial Trust report of April 1943 gives what it admits is a ‘far from accurate’ number of 1,093,659 corpses interred in the twelve months to 1 July 1942. This is generally accepted to be a substantial overestimate, driven by the fact that cemetery and corpse collection staff were paid according to productivity.

Chapter 12: ‘We Were Like Stones’

1
Mariya Mashkova, ‘Iz blokadnykh zapisei’, in
V pamyat ushedshikh i vo slavu zhivushchikh: dnevniki, vospominaniya, pisma
, pp. 37–9 (17 February 1942).

2
Lidiya Ginzburg,
Blockade Diary
, p. 11. Pavel Gubchevsky of the Hermitage remembered marvelling at the extravagance of energy and organisation that had gone into pre-war productions at the Philharmonia and the Mariinsky – why had he not gone to concerts and the ballet more often before?
Notes to Pages 233–245

3
Aleksandr Boldyrev,
Osadnaya zapis: blokadniy dnevnik
, pp. 41–2 (11–13 January 1942).

4
Ivan Zhilinsky, ‘Blokadniy dnevnik’,
Voprosy istorii
, 5–7, 1996, part 3, p. 3 (30 January 1942).

5
Lidiya Ginzburg,
Blockade Diary
, pp. 62–3.

6
Boldyrev,
Osadnaya zapis: blokadniy dnevik
, p. 83 (4 April 1942).

7
Klara Rakhman, 20 December 1941. Unpublished manuscript, in possession of the diarist’s family.

8
Interview with Dr Lyuba Vinogradova, Moscow, July 2007.

9
Yelena Kochina,
Blockade Diary
, pp. 86–8 (1, 5 and 7 February 1942).

10
Dmitri Likhachev,
Reflections on the Russian Soul: A Memoir
, pp. 249–50.

11
Olga Grechina, ‘Spasayus spasaya chast 1: pogibelnaya zima (1941–1942 gg.)’,
Neva
, 1, 1994, pp. 242–3.

12
Solomon Volkov,
St Petersburg: A Cultural History
, p. 437; Leon Gouré,
The Siege of Leningrad
, p. 201.

13
Kochina,
Blockade Diary
, p. 86 (30 January 1942).

14
Likhachev,
Reflections on the Russian Soul
,
p. 266.

15
Dmitri Lazarev, ‘Vospominaniya o blokade’,
Trudy Gosudarstvennogo Muzeya Istorii Sankt-Peterburga
,
vol.
5, p. 238.

16
Mashkova, ‘Iz blokadnykh zapisei’, p. 41 (18 February 1942).

17
Ibid., p. 76 (23 April 1942).

18
Interview with Dr Lyuba Vinogradova, Moscow, July 2007.

19
Boldyrev,
Osadnaya zapis: blokadniy dnevnik
, p. 58 (13 February 1942).

20
Ginzburg,
Blockade Diary
, p. 3.

21
Georgi Knyazev, 3 February 1942, in Ales Adamovich and Daniil Granin,
A Book of the Blockade
, p. 440.

22
Vera Inber,
Leningrad Diary
, p. 50 (14 January 1942).

23
Adamovich and Granin,
A
Book of the Blockade
,
p. 474.

24
Mikhail Steblin-Kamensky, ‘The Siege of Leningrad’,
Granta
30:
New Europe!
, April 1990, pp. 183–9. First published in
Neva
, 1, 1989.

25
Geraldine Norman,
The Hermitage: The Biography of a Great Museum
, p. 255.

26
Elliott Mossman, ed.,
The Correspondence of Olga Freidenberg and Boris Pasternak, 1910–1954
, p. 225.
Notes to Pages 245–253

27
Adamovich and Granin,
A
Book of the Blockade
, p. 78.

28
Klara Rakhman, unpublished manuscript in possession of the author’s grandson, p. 5 (7 December 1941.)

29
Lev Uspensky, ‘Gordost i lyubov moya’, in G. S. Melnik and G. V. Zhirkov, eds,
Radio, blokada, Leningrad
, St Petersburg, 2002, pp. 203–4.

30
Lisa A. Kirschenbaum,
The Legacy of the Siege of Leningrad, 1941–1995: Myth, Memories, and Monuments
, pp. 54, 72.

31
Ibid., p. 66. There is confusion about when
February Diary
was first broadcast. In her autobiography of 1952, Berggolts recounts that a last-minute call from the censor prevented its broadcast on Red Army Day itself, and that it was not published in full until May. Other accounts, however, describe the broadcast going ahead as planned. Extracts were certainly published in ‘wall newspapers’ and widely circulated before spring.

32
Aleksandr Rubashkin,
Golos Leningrada: Leningradskoye Radio v dni blokady
, p. 136.

33
See Mikhail Shkarovsky, ‘Iskrenniy privet ot Stalina: religioznaya zhizn blokadnogo Leningrada’,
Rodina
, 1, 2003, pp. 146–50.

34
Report on the ‘Liquidation of the Archimandrite Klavdi Group’, 1 October 1942. In Andrei Dzeniskevich, ed.,
Leningrad v osade: sbornik dokumentov
, doc. 192, p. 446.

35
Editor’s footnote to Olga Berggolts,
Zvezda
,
4, April 1991, pp. 128–41 (8 February 1942).

36
Berggolts,
Zvezda
,
4, April 1991, pp. 128–41 (4 September 1941).

37
Adamovich and Granin,
A
Book of the Blockade
, pp. 261, 442.

38
Likhachev,
Reflections on the Russian Soul
, p. 244.

39
European University of St Petersburg Oral History Project, ‘Blokada v sudbakh i pamyati leningradtsev’, interviewee no. 42.

40
Svetlana Magayeva and Albert Pleysier,
Surviving the Blockade of Leningrad
, p. 99.

Chapter 13: Svyazi

1
Anna Ostroumova-Lebedeva,
Avtobiograficheskiye zapiski: Leningrad v blokade,
pp. 271, 275 (1 January and 13 February 1942).

2
Aelita Vostrova, interviewee no. 17, European University at St Petersburg Oral History Project, ‘Blokada v sudbakh i pamyati leningradtsev’.

3
Olga Grechina, ‘Spasayus spasaya chast 1: pogibelnaya zima (1941–1942 gg.)’,
Neva
, 1, 1994, pp. 249–50.
Notes to Pages 254–261

4
Richard Bidlack, ‘Survival Strategies in Leningrad during the First Year of the Soviet-German War’, in Robert Thurston and Bernd Bonwetsch, eds,
The
People’s War: Responses to World War Two in the Soviet Union
, pp. 93–5.

5
Yelena Skrjabina,
Siege and Survival: The Odyssey of a Leningrader
, p. 54 (15 January 1941).

6
Georgi Makogonenko, in Ales Adamovich and Daniil Granin,
A Book of the Blockade
, p. 378.

7
Olga Berggolts, ‘Blokadniy dnevnik’,
Zvezda
, 3, April 1991, p. 143 (25 February 1942).

8
Berggolts, 23 and 25 March 1942, in ‘Ob etikh tetradyakh’,
Zvezda
, 5, 1990, pp. 190–91.

9
Mariya Mashkova, ‘Iz blokadnykh zapisei’, in
V pamyat ushedshikh i vo slavu zhivushchikh: dnevniki, vospominania, pisma
, p. 77 (23 April 1942).

10
Andrei Dzeniskevich, ed.,
Leningrad v osade: sbornik dokumentov
,
doc. 210, p. 517.

11
William Moskoff,
The Bread of Affliction: The Food Supply in the USSR during World War Two
, p. 181.

12
Vera Inber,
Leningrad Diary
, p. 72 (27 March 1942).

13
Lidiya Ginzburg,
Blockade Diary
, pp. 66–7.

14
For another example, see Dmitri Likhachev,
Reflections on the Russian Soul: A Memoir
, p. 228.

15
Valerian Bogdanov-Berezovsky,
Iz dnevnikov blokadnykh let
, typescript, RGALI: Fond 1817, op. 2, yed. khr. 185, pp. 26–7 (25 January 1942).

16
See Dzeniskevich, ed.,
Leningrad v osade
, document no. 216, p. 528.

17
Likhachev,
Reflections on the Russian Soul
, pp. 235–6.

18
Ibid., pp. 238–40, 264. For more examples of corruption, see Skrjabina on senior hospital staff and their families,
Siege and Survival
, pp. 68, 71 (11 February 1942).

19
Adamovich and Granin,
A
Book of the Blockade
, p. 441.

20
Skrjabina,
Siege and Survival
, p. 62 (4 February 1942).

21
See James Clapperton,
The Siege of Leningrad and the Ambivalence of the Sacred: Conversations with Survivors
, Ph.D. thesis, Edinburgh University, 2006, p. 294.

22
Skrjabina,
Siege and Survival
, p. 41 (26 November 1941).

23
Tamara Neklyudova, in Cynthia Simmons and Nina Perlina, eds,
Writing the Siege: Women’s Diaries, Memoirs and Documentary Prose
, p. 62.