Leningrad: The Epic Siege of World War II, 1941-1944 (65 page)

20
Report by the City Executive Committee to Kosygin, 28 July 1942, in Dzeniskevich, ed.,
Leningrad v osade
, doc. 154, p. 344.
See also Kotov,
Detskiye doma blokadnogo Leningrada
, p. 149.

21
Kotov,
Detskiye doma
blokadnogo Leningrada
, pp. 78–84.

22
Interviewed by the author, Vsevolozhsk, November 2006.

23
James Clapperton,
The Siege of Leningrad and the Ambivalence of the Sacred: Conversations with Survivors
, Ph.D. thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2006, p. 393; Adamovich and Granin,
A
Book of the Blockade
, pp. 179–80.

24
Clapperton,
Siege of Leningrad
, p. 120.

25
Inber,
Leningrad Diary
, pp. 148–9 (28 May 1943).

26
Moskoff,
The Bread of Affliction
, p. 201, quoting an article from
The Times
, 5 January 1944.

27
Adamovich and Granin,
A
Book of the Blockade
, p. 183.

28
Olga Grechina, ‘Spasayus spasaya chast 1: pogibelnaya zima (1941
–
1942 gg.)’,
Neva
, 1, 1994, p. 281.

29
Grechina, ‘Spasayus spasaya chast 2: skazka o gorokhovom dereve (1942
–
1944 gg.)’,
Neva
, 2, 1994, p. 219 (11 May 1943).

Chapter 21: The Last Year

1
Führer Directive no. 41, 5 April 1942, Hugh Trevor-Roper, ed.,
Hitler’s War Directives 1939–1945
, pp. 116–17.
Notes to Pages 370–379

2
Führer Directive no. 44, 21 July 1942, ibid., p. 127. ‘Heavy Gustav’, which could fling a seven-tonne shell twenty-three miles, needed its own cranes and tracks and took a dedicated 1,420-strong team up to six weeks to assemble and disassemble. Though transported to within thirty kilometres of Leningrad before
Nordlicht
was called off, it was only ever used at Sevastopol, where it was fired forty-eight times in total. One of its shells is on display in London’s Imperial War Museum.

3
Hugh Trevor-Roper, ed.,
Hitler’s Table Talk, 1941–44
, p. 617 (6 August 1942).

4
Gitta Sereny,
Albert Speer: His Battle with Truth
, p. 363.

5
Fritz Hockenjos, typescript, Bundesarchiv/Militärarchiv: MSG 2/4034–4038 (28 February 1943 and 31 March 1944). For more on women in the Red Army, see Catherine Merridale,
Ivan’s War:
The Red Army 1939-45
, pp.143–4.

6
Antony Beevor,
Stalingrad
, p. 392.

7
Vera Inber,
Leningrad Diary
, pp. 126–7 (16 January 1943).

8
Anna Ostroumova-Lebedeva,
Avtobiograficheskiye zapiski: Leningrad v blokade
(28 January 1943).

9
Dmitri Lazarev, ‘Vospominaniya o blokade’,
Trudy Gosudarstvennogo Muzeya Istorii Sankt-Peterburga
,
vol. 5, p. 219 (18 January 1943).

10
G. F. Krivosheyev, ed.,
Rossiya i SSSR v voinakh XX veka: poteri vooruzhyonnykh sil
, p. 283; Harrison Salisbury,
The 900 Days: The Siege of Leningrad
, p. 549.

11
Hockenjos, typescript, Bundesarchiv/Militärarchiv, p. 10 (11 August 1942).

12
Mariya Mashkova, ‘Iz blokadnykh zapisei’, in
V pamyat ushedshikh i vo slavu zhivushchikh: dnevniki, vospominaniye, pisma
, pp. 82–126 (February–May 1943).

13
Air-defence dept report, in Andrei Dzeniskevich, ed.,
Leningrad v osade: sbornik dokumentov
, attachment to doc. 169, p. 398.

14
For more detail see David Glantz,
The Battle for Leningrad, 1941–1944
, p. 130.

15
Mashkova, ‘Iz blokadnykh zapisei’, p. 132 (8 August 1943).

16
Vasili Chekrizov, ‘Dnevnik blokadnogo vremeni’,
Trudy Gosudarstvennogo Muzeya Istorii Sankt-Peterburga
, vol. 8, p. 141 (18 April 1943). Altogether 186 factories were now working again, compared to 368 pre-war. About 80 per cent of factory workers were semi-skilled women aged under twenty-four. (Richard Bidlack,
Workers at War: Factory Workers and Labor Policy in the Siege of Leningrad
, Carl Beck Papers, 902, pp. 32–3.)

17
Chekrizov, ‘Dnevnik blokadnogo vremeni’, p. 145 (18 July 1943).

18
Aleksandr Rubashkin,
Golos Leningrada: Leningradskoye Radio v dni blokady
, p. 195.
Notes to Pages 380–393

19
Marina Starodubtseva (née Yerukhmanova),
Krugovorot (vremena i sudby)
, typescript held by the memoirist’s family, p. 550.

20
Hockenjos, typescript, Bundesarchiv/Militärarchiv, p. 45 (16 January 1943).

21
Report by the head of the Leningrad oblast partisan organisation, M. Nikitin, to Stalin, in Nikita Lomagin,
Neizvestnaya blokada
, vol. 2, appendix 5, doc. 2, p. 430; Hockenjos, typescript, Bundesarchiv/Militärarchiv, p. 130 (25 November 1943).

22
RGASPI: Fond 269, op. 1, yed. khr. 30.

23
Walther Kulik (4 December 1943). RGASPI: Fond 269, op. 1, yed. khr. 29.

24
Gerhard Buss, taken prisoner 14 January 1944. RGASPI: Fond 269, op. 1, yed. khr. 29.

25
RGASPI: Fond 269, op. 1, yed. khr. 30.

26
Elliott Mossman, ed.,
The
Correspondence of Boris Pasternak and Olga Freidenberg, 1910–1954
, p. 234.

27
Inber,
Leningrad Diary
, pp. 179–82 (15, 22, 27 and 28 January 1944). See also Alexander Werth,
Leningrad
, p. 187.

Part 5. Aftermath

Chapter 22: Coming Home

1
Vasili Churkin,
Voyennaya literatura: dnevniki i pisma
, http://militera.lib.ru/db/churkin, pp. 8–9 (4 April 1944).

2
David Glantz,
The Battle for Leningrad, 1941–1944
, p. 413.

3
Fritz Hockenjos, Bundesarchiv-Militärarchiv: MGS2/4037, pp. 1–2, 37 (16 January and 12 March 1944).

4
Ibid., p. 24 (14 February 1944).

5
Irina Ivanova, née Bogdanova, interview with the author, Vsevolozhsk, November 2006.

6
Olga Grechina, ‘Spasayus spasaya chast 2: skazka o gorokhovom derive (1942–1944 gg.)’,
Neva
, 2, 1994, p. 246.

7
Elliott Mossman, ed.,
The Correspondence
of Boris Pasternak and Olga Freidenberg,
1910–1954
, pp. 237–8.

8
Yelena Kozhina,
Through the Burning Steppe: A Wartime Memoir
,
p. 145; Vera Inber,
Leningrad Diary
, p. 178 (12 January 1944).

9
Lev Kopelev,
No Jail for Thought
, pp. 6, 93, 99, 101–4, 134.

10
Vasili Churkin, letter of 2 June 1944. In
Voyennaya literatura: dnevniki i pisma
, http://militera. lib. ru/db/Churkin_part4, p. 13

11
Andrei Dzeniskevich, ed.,
Leningrad v osade: sbornik dokumentov
, doc. 226, p. 562.
Notes to Pages 393–402

12
See Dmitri Likhachev,
Reflections on the Russian Soul: A Memoir
, p. 256; Ales Adamovich and Daniil Granin,
A
Book of the Blockade
, p. 464; and Yelizaveta Muravyeva, interviewee no. 10, European University at St Petersburg Oral History Project, ‘Blokada v sudbakh i pamyati leningradtsev’.

13
Anna Zelenova,
Stati, vospominaniya, pisma:
Pavlovsky dvorets, istoriya i sudba
, p. 115.

14
See Catherine Scott-Clark and Adrian Levy,
The Amber Room: The Fate of the World’s Greatest Lost Treasure
, New York, 2004.

15
Alexander Werth,
Leningrad
, pp. 188–9; Harrison Salisbury,
The 900 Days: The Siege of Leningrad
, p. 567.

16
Vera Inber,
Leningrad Diary
, p. 203 (29 May 1944).

17
A. Z. Vakser, ‘Nastroyeniya leningradtsev poslevoyennogo vremeni 1945–1953 gody’,
Nestor
, no. 1 (5), p. 311.

18
Werth,
Leningrad
, pp. 125, 167. He made two visits to Leningrad, in September 1943 and February 1944. For more on the rumour that Leningrad might become the capital again, see Harrison Salisbury,
Disturber of the Peace: Memoirs of a Foreign Correspondent
, p. 96.

19
NKGB report of 14 March 1945, in Nikita Lomagin,
Neizvestnaya blokada
, vol. 2, doc. 17, p. 62.

20
‘They Felt the Pangs of Hunger but Survived the Cruel Siege’,
St Petersburg Times
, 27 January 2004.

21
Lisa A. Kirschenbaum,
The Legacy of the Siege of Leningrad, 1941–1995: Myth, Memories, and Monuments
, p. 141.

22
Cynthia Simmons and Nina Perlina, eds,
Writing the Siege of Leningrad: Women’s Diaries, Memoirs and Documentary Prose
, pp. 71–4, 76.

23
Roberta Reeder,
Anna Akhmatova: Poet and Prophet
, pp. 289–93.

24
Solomon Volkov,
St Petersburg: A Cultural History
, p. 450.

25
Reeder,
Anna Akhmatova
, p. 293.

26
Richard Bidlack, ‘Ideological or Political Origins of the Leningrad Affair? A Response to David Brandenberger’,
The
Russian Review
, 64/1 (January 2005), p. 94.

27
Yoram Gorlizki and Oleg Khlevniuk,
Cold Peace: Stalin and the Soviet Ruling Circle, 1945–1953
, Oxford, 2004, p. 86.

28
In his memoirs Khrushchev admits that he ‘may have signed the sentencing order. In those days when a case was closed – and if Stalin thought it necessary – he would sign the sentencing order at a Politburo session and then pass it round for the rest of us to sign. We would put our signatures to it without even looking at it.’
Notes to Pages 402–414

29
Simon Sebag Montefiore,
Stalin: The Court of the Red Tsar
, p. 540.

30
For a vivid description of the Yugoslav visit and Stalin’s decline, see Milovan Djilas,
Conversations with Stalin
, pp. 136–53.

31
Volkov,
St Petersburg
, p. 454.

32
B. Kostyrchenko,
Tainaya politika Stalina
, Moscow, 2001, p. 234. Quoted in Donald Rayfield,
Stalin and His Hangmen
, p. 245.

33
Reeder,
Anna Akhmatova
, p. 304; Elliott Mossman, ed.,
The Correspondence of Boris Pasternak and Olga Freidenberg, 1910–1954
, pp. 303–4.

34
Sidney Monas and Jennifer Greene Krupala, eds,
The Diaries of Nikolay Punin, 1904–53
, pp. 212–13, 219.

35
Likhachev,
Reflections on the Russian Soul
, p. 255.

Chapter 23: The Cellar of Memory

1
For an analysis of the cult of the Great Patriotic War in relation to Leningrad, see Chapter 6 of Lisa Kirschenbaum,
The Legacy of the Siege of Leningrad, 1941–1995: Myth, Memories, and Monuments
.

2
See for example A. J. P. Taylor in the
New York Review of Books
, 10 April 1969.

3
Solomon Volkov,
St Petersburg: A Cultural History
, p. xvi.

4
For a detailed account of the debate, see
ibid., pp. 542–5.

5
Cynthia Simmons and Nina Perlina, eds,
Writing the Siege: Women’s Diaries, Memoirs and Documentary Prose
, p. 109.

6
Ibid., p. 206.

7
Valentina Stolbova and Aelita Vostrova, interviewees nos 12 and 17, European University at St Petersburg Oral History Project, ‘Blokada v sudbakh i pamyati leningradtsev’.