Lion of Jordan (111 page)

54
. R. Levi to Foreign Ministry, 14 November 1958, ‘Jordan', 3745/4, Israel State Archive (ISA).

55
. Quoted in Tal,
Politics, the Military, and National Security in Jordan,
153.

1
. Lawrence Tal,
Politics, the Military, and National Security in Jordan 1955–1967
(Basing-stoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002),
69.

2
. Interview with Ahmad al-Lozi.

3
. Tal,
Politics, the Military, and National Security in Jordan,
67–9.

4
. Hussein bin Talal,
Uneasy Lies the Head: An Autobiography
(London: Heinemann, 1962), 196.

5
. Interview with Jamal Sha'er; and Peter Snow,
Hussein: A Biography
(London: Barrie and Jenkins, 1972), 134.

6
. Tal,
Politics, the Military, and National Security in Jordan,
73–4.

7
. C. H. Johnston, ‘Jordan: Annual Review for 1959', 16 January 1960, FO 371/151040, Public Record Office (PRO).

8
. Yossi Melman and Dan Raviv,
Behind the Uprising: Israelis, Jordanians, and Palestinians
(New York: Greenwood Press, 1989), 56–7.

9
. Charles Johnston,
The Brink of Jordan
(London: Hamish Hamilton, 1972), 156.

10
. Malik Mufti, ‘The United States and Nasserist Pan-Arabism' in
The Middle East and the United States: A Historical and Political Reassessment,
ed. David W. Lesch (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1996), 168.

11
. Hussein bin Talal,
Uneasy Lies the Head,
186–94.

12
.
Foreign Relations of the United States 1961–1963. Volume XVII. Near East: 1961–1962,
Department of State (Washington, DC: United States Government Printing House, 1994), 273–6.

13
. Interview with Sir Roger Tomkys.

14
. J. P. C. E. Henniker-Major, ‘Annual Political Review for Jordan for 1961', FO 371/ 164080, PRO.

15
. Hussein bin Talal,
Uneasy Lies the Head,
220–21.

16
. Ibid, 222–8.

17
. John Henniker,
Painful Extractions: Looking Back at a Personal Journey
(Eye, Suffolk: Thornham Books, 2002), 128–9.

18
. J. P. C. E. Henniker-Major, ‘Annual Political Review for Jordan for 1961', FO 371/ 164080, PRO.

19
. Uriel Dann,
King Hussein and the Challenge of Arab Radicalism: Jordan 1955–1967
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1989), 116–17.

20
. Interview with Princess Basma bint Talal.

21
. Dann,
King Hussein and the Challenge of Arab Radicalism,
120.

22
. Philip Robins,
A History of Jordan
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003), 106–7.

23
. Interview with Tariq al-Tall.

24
. Interview with Mreiwad al-Tall.

25
. Asher Susser,
On Both Banks of the Jordan: A Political Biography of Wasfi al-Tall
(London: Frank Cass, 1994), 51–5; and Tal,
Politics, the Military, and National Security in Jordan,
88–9.

26
. Roderick Parkes, ‘Annual Political Review for Jordan, 1962', FO 371/164080, PRO.

27
. Interview with Ali Shukri.

28
. Roderick Parkes, ‘Annual Political Review for Jordan, 1962', FO 371/164080, PRO.

29
. Kamal S. Salibi,
The Modern History of Jordan
(London: I. B. Tauris, 1993), 206–7.

30
. Roderick Parkes, ‘Annual Political Review for Jordan, 1962', FO 371/164080, PRO.

31
. Ibid.

32
. Roderick Parkes, ‘Jordan: Annual Review for 1963', FO 371/175645, PRO.

33
. Snow,
Hussein,
154–5.

34
. Roderick Parkes, ‘Jordan: Annual Review for 1963', FO 371/175645, PRO.

35
. Ibid.

36
. Interview with King Hussein bin Talal.

37
. Melman and Raviv,
Behind the Uprising,
59–62.

38
. Gideon Shomron to the Foreign Ministry, 10 August 1960, 3782/16, Israel State Archives (ISA).

39
. Gideon Shomron to Avraham Cohen, the Foreign Ministry, 27 September 1960, 3782/16, ISA.

40
. Gideon Shomron to Avraham Cohen, the Foreign Ministry, 20 October 1960, 3782/16, ISA.

41
. Avraham Cohen to Gideon Shomron, London, 24 October 1960, 3782/16, ISA.

42
. Gideon Shomron to Avraham Cohen, the Foreign Ministry, 20 December 1961, 3782/16, ISA.

43
. Avi Shlaim,
Collusion across the Jordan: King Abdullah, the Zionist Movement, and the Partition of Palestine
(Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1988), 141. The Jewish Agency made payments to King Abdullah in the 1930s for the option of a lease on his land in Ghaur al-Kibd – an option that was never exercised. This provided a veneer of legitimacy for what could otherwise be construed as the payment of a political subsidy or bribe. Modest sums of money were also given by Jewish Agency officials to Abdullah in 1946 and 1947 to consolidate the covert relationship with him. Some of Abdullah's courtiers also received money from the Jewish Agency. Shlaim,
Collusion across the Jordan,
50–54, 78–82, 616–17.

44
. Moshe Zak,
Hussein oseh shalom [Hussein Makes Peace],
in Hebrew (Ramat-Gan: Bar-Ilan University Press, 1996), 63.

45
. Selwyn Lloyd to Sir Francis Rundall (Tel Aviv), 12 August 1958, FO 371/134285, PRO.

46
. Zaki Shalom,
The Superpowers, Israel and the Future of Jordan 1960–1963: The Perils of the Pro-Nasser Policy
(Brighton: Sussex Academic Press, 1999), Chapter 8.

47
. Yaacov Herzog's papers at the Israel State Archives in Jerusalem have not been declassified under the thirty-year rule because of their special sensitivity. So I am particularly grateful to his daughter, Shira Herzog, for giving me unrestricted access to her father's private papers.

48
. ‘Meeting with Charles', 24 September 1963, ‘The Private Papers of Yaacov Herzog', Jerusalem. ‘Charles' was the code name the Israelis gave to Hussein.

49
. Ibid.

50
. This is one of the main arguments of Shalom,
The Superpowers, Israel and the Future of Jordan.

51
. Interview with Major-General Meir Amit.

52
. Interview with Adnan Abu-Odeh.

1
. J. F. S. Phillips, ‘Jordan 1964: Arma Virumque', FO 371/180728, Public Record Office (PRO).

2
. Malcolm H. Kerr,
The Arab Cold War: Gamal Abd al-Nasir and His Rivals 1958–1970
, 3rd ed. (London: Oxford University Press, 1971), Chapter 4.

3
. Avraham Sela,
Ahdut betokh perud ba-ma'arekhet habein-arvit: ve'idot ha-pisgah ha-arviyot 1964–1982 [Unity within Disunity in the Inter-Arab System: The Arab Summit Conferences 1964–1982],
in Hebrew (Jerusalem: Magnes Press, 1982), 1.

4
. Moshe Shemesh,
The Palestinian Entity 1959–1974: Arab Politics and the PLO,
2nd ed. (London: Frank Cass, 1996), Chapter I.

5
. Asher Susser,
On Both Banks of the Jordan: A Political Biography of Wasfi al-Tall
(London: Frank Cass, 1994), 80.

6
. George Ball, acting secretary of state, ‘Memorandum for the President: Your Meeting with King Hussein', 10 April 1964, NSF Country File, Box 148, Lyndon B. Johnson Library, Austin, Texas (LBJL).

7
. R. W. Komer, ‘Memorandum for the President', 13 April 1964, NSF Country File, Box 148, LBJL.

8
. ‘Memorandum of Conversation', 14 and 15 April 1964, NSF Country File, Box 148, LBJL.

9
. ‘Second meeting with Charles', Part 1, 2 May 1964, ‘The Private Papers of Yaacov Herzog', Jerusalem.

10
. ‘Impressions', ibid.

11
. R. W. Komer, ‘Memorandum for the President', 9 August 1964 and 1 February 1965, NSF Country File, Box 146, LBJL.

12
. The Central Intelligence Agency, ‘Special Report: The Jordan Waters Issue', NSF Country File, Box 146, LBJL.

13
. ‘General Comments of King Husayn on Arab Summit Conference', NSF Country File, Box 146, LBJL.

14
. ‘Third Meeting with Charles', 19 December 1964, ‘The Private Papers of Yaacov Herzog'. Herzog was an observant Jew and as such he did not permit himself to write on Sabbath because writing constituted work. The notes for his eight-page report on the meeting were made on Saturday night with the help of the host.

15
. R. W. Komer, ‘Memorandum for the President', 3 February 1965, NSF Country File, Box 146, LBJL. Emphasis in the original.

16
. R. W. Komer, ‘Memorandum for the President', 26 January 1965, NSF Country File, Box 146, LBJL. Emphasis in the original.

17
. Talbot to Department of State, 8 February 1965, NSF Country File, Box 146, LBJL.

18
. Talbot to Department of State, 9 February 1965, NSF Country File, Box 146, LBJL.

19
. Yitzhak Rabin,
The Rabin Memoirs
(London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1979), 50–51.

20
. R. W. Parkes, ‘Jordan: Annual Review for 1965', FO 371/186547, PRO.

21
. Interview with Mreiwad al-Tall.

22
. Interview with Dr Hazem Nusseibeh.

23
. Susser,
On Both Banks of the Jordan,
82.

24
. Dr Yaacov Herzog was not present at the meeting because he was in the throes of a deep psychological crisis triggered by the invitation to become the Chief Rabbi of Britain. When the crisis was over, Levi Eshkol appointed Herzog as a political adviser and later as the director general of his office.

25
. Moshe Zak,
Hussein oseh shalom [Hussein Makes Peace]
in Hebrew (Ramat-Gan: Bar-Ilan University Press, 1996), 79–80.

26
. Interview with King Hussein bin Talal.

27
. Zak,
Hussein oseh shalom,
79–81.

28
. David Shaham,
Israel – 40 ha-Shanim [Israel – The 40 Years]
in Hebrew (Tel Aviv: Am Oved, 1991), 215.

29
. Interview with King Hussein bin Talal.

1
. Interview with King Hussein bin Talal.

2
. Interview with Lieutenant-General Itzhak Rabin, Tel Aviv, 22 August 1982.

3
. Interview with Miriam Eshkol, London, 12 December 2002.

4
. Ze'ev Bar-Lavie,
Hamishtar ha-hashemi 1949–1967 ve-ma'amado ba-gada ha-ma'aravit [The Hashemite Regime 1949–1967, and Its Status in the West Bank],
in Hebrew (Tel Aviv: The Shiloah Center, 1981), 45–6.

5
. Interview with Mreiwad al-Tall.

6
. Moshe Shemesh, ‘The IDF Raid on Samu': The Turning-Point in Jordan's Relations with Israel and the West Bank Palestinians',
Israel Studies,
7:1 (Spring 2002).

7
. Ibid.

8
. Undated and unsigned letter, ‘The Private Papers of Yaacov Herzog', Jerusalem.

9
. Ambassador in London to Foreign Ministry, 24 November 1966, ibid.

10
. Subject: ‘Jordan', 12 December 1966, 4094/10, Israel State Archives (ISA).

11
. Cable from Ambassador Burns, 13 December 1966, NSF Country File, Box 146, Lyndon B. Johnson Library, Austin, Texas (LBJL).

12
. Interview with Richard Viets.

13
. Message to King Hussein of Jordan, 23 November 1966, NSF Country File, Box 146, LBJL.

14
. Burns to secretary of state with copy to the White House, 11 December 1966, NSF Country File, Box 146, LBJL.

15
. Burns to secretary of state, 11 December 1966, NSF Country File, Box 146, LBJL.

16
. CIA, ‘The Jordanian Regime: Its Prospects and the Consequences of its Demise', 13 December 1966, NSF Country File, Box 146, LBJL.

17
. Douglas Little, ‘A Puppet in Search of a Puppeteer? The United States, King Hussein and Jordan, 1953–1970',
International History Review,
18:3 (August 1995).