Lion of Jordan (114 page)

13
. Alan Hart,
Arafat: A Political Biography,
revised ed. (London: Sidgwick and Jackson, 1994), 219–20.

14
.
Sunday Times,
15 June 1969, as quoted in David Hirst,
The Gun and the Olive Branch: The Roots of Violence in the Middle East
(London: Faber and Faber, 1977), 264.

15
. Interview with Simha Dinitz.

16
. Moshe Zak,
Hussein oseh shalom [Hussein Makes Peace],
in Hebrew (Ramat-Gan: Bar-Ilan University Press, 1996), 192–3.

17
. Interview with King Hussein bin Talal.

18
. Phillips to FCO, 23 November 1970, FCO 17/1066, PRO.

19
. Zak,
Hussein oseh shalom,
46,161–3,179–80.

20
. Ibid., 16, 35, 46, 162–3, 227; and Moshe Zak's handwritten notes on the protocol of the meeting of 21 March 1972 in ‘The Private Papers of Moshe Zak', Ramat Aviv. I am grateful to Sarah Zak for giving me access to the papers of her late husband.

21
. Zak,
Hussein oseh shalom,
162.

22
. H. G. Balfour-Paul to A. D. Parsons, 2 October 1972, FCO 17/1693, PRO.

23
. John Phillips to Sir Alec Douglas-Home, 3 July, 1972, FCO 17/1689, PRO.

24
. H. G. Balfour-Paul to the secretary of state for foreign and commonwealth affairs, ‘Jordan: First Impressions', 26 September 1972, FCO 17/1690, PRO.

1
. Yehuda Lukacs,
Israel, Jordan, and the Peace Process
(New York: Syracuse University Press, 1999), 3.

2
. Henry Kissinger,
Years of Upheaval
(London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1982), 218–19. Emphasis in the original.

3
. Ibid., 219–20.

4
. Ibid., 461.

5
. Moshe Zak,
Hussein oseh shalom [Hussein Makes Peace],
in Hebrew (Ramat-Gan: Bar-Ilan University Press, 1996), 46–7, 163.

6
. Samir Al-Rifa'i, ‘The 1974 Rabat Conference: A Crucial Arab Summit' (unpublished M.Phil. thesis, University of Cambridge, 1989), 38–41.

7
. Ibid., 41–2.

8
. Ibid., 42–3.

9
. Abu Iyad and Eric Rouleau,
My Home, My Land: A Narrative of the Palestinian Struggle
(New York: Times Books, 1978), 121–2.

10
. Interview with Sharif Zaid bin Shaker.

11
. General Fathi Abu Taleb confirmed to Adiba Mango, my research assistant, on 15 December 2002 that he had accompanied King Hussein and Zaid Rifa'i to the meeting in Israel on 25 September 1973 but he refused to talk about it and he declined my request for an interview.

12
. Gai Gavra, ‘The Hussein-Golda Meeting on the Eve of the Yom Kippur War', in Hebrew (unpublished BA thesis, Tel Aviv University, 2000). I am grateful to Gai Gavra for giving me a copy of his well-researched and highly informative 116-page paper.

13
. Ibid., 47.

14
. Ahron Bregman,
Israel's Wars 1947–1993
(London: Routledge, 2000), 77.

15
. Gavra, ‘The Hussein-Golda Meeting on the Eve of the Yom Kippur War (Hebrew)', 62.

16
. Conversation with Shlomo Gazit, former director of military intelligence, Oxford, 25 September 1999.

17
. Interview with King Hussein bin Talal.

18
. Interview with Zaid Rifa'i.

19
. Eli Zeira,
Milchemet Yom ha-Kippurim: Mytos mul Metsiut [The Yom Kippur War: Myth against Reality],
in Hebrew (Tel Aviv: Yediot Aharonot, 1993), 95–9.

20
. Interview with Mordechai Gazit. Gazit elaborated on some of these points in an unpublished paper entitled ‘The Yom Kippur War: A Critical Look at Commonly Accepted Assumptions'. I am grateful to Mordechai Gazit for putting at my disposal a copy of this paper.

21
. Raad Alkadiri, ‘Strategy and Tactics in Jordanian Foreign Policy 1967–1988' (unpublished D.Phil. thesis, University of Oxford, 1995), 78–9.

22
. Kissinger,
Years of Upheaval,
500.

23
. Zak,
Hussein oseh shalom,
135.

24
. Mohamed Heikal,
The Road to Ramadan
(London: Collins, 1975), 221–2.

25
. Kissinger,
Years of Upheaval,
506.

26
. Interview with Prince Talal bin Muhammad.

27
. Moshe Dayan,
Avnei Derekh: Otobiographia [Milestones: An Autobiography],
in Hebrew (Tel Aviv: Yediot Aharonot, 1976), 542.

28
. Zak,
Hussein oseh shalom, 136–7.

29
. Chaim Herzog,
The Arab-Israeli Wars: War and Peace in the Middle East
(New York: Vintage Books, 1982), 303.

30
. Yossi Melman and Dan Raviv,
Behind the Uprising: Israelis, Jordanians, and Palestinians
(New York: Greenwood Press, 1989), 121–2.

31
. Heikal,
The Road to Ramadan,
236.

32
. Kissinger,
Years of Upheaval,
540.

1
. Interview with King Hussein bin Talal.

2
. Henry Kissinger,
Years of Upheaval
(London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1982), 655.

3
. Samir Al-Rifa'i, ‘The 1974 Rabat Conference: A Crucial Arab Summit' (unpublished M.Phil. thesis, University of Cambridge, 1989), 54–7.

4
. Kissinger,
Years of Upheaval,
846–8.

5
. Oral History Project, Leonard Davis Institute for International Relations, Jerusalem. Fifth interview with Yigal Allon, 4 June 1979, 5001/19, Israel State Archives (ISA).

6
. Kissinger,
Years of Upheaval,
848.

7
. Zaid Rifa'i told me that after every meeting with the Israelis, he would give His Majesty a typed report in English and that the king kept these reports with his private papers at home rather than in the royal court. When I interviewed King Hussein at Buckhurst Park, on 3 December 1996, he said he had all his notes back home in Amman and that he would be more than happy to check them for me. Unfortunately, I was too slow and by the time I was ready to follow up, the king was seriously ill with cancer. After the king's death, I did my best to gain access to his notes and reports about the secret meetings but without any success. No one seemed to know where these papers were and indeed whether they had survived at all. The people I approached included half a dozen court officials as well as Zaid Rifa'i, Queen Noor and King Abdullah bin Hussein.

8
. Interview with Mordechai Gazit.

9
. Interview with Adnan Abu-Odeh.

10
. Moshe Zak, ‘Fruitless Bargaining with King Hussein',
Jerusalem Post,
27 September 1991.

11
. Extracts from the record of the meeting with King Hussein on 7 March 1974, ‘The Private Papers of Moshe Zak', Ramat Aviv, Israel. Moshe Zak was given access to the classified protocols of all the secret meetings between Israeli officials and King Hussein. As the talks were in English, the protocols are also in English. Zak, however, made notes on these protocols in Hebrew. I retranslated the above extracts from Hebrew into English because I had no access to the original English version.

12
. Interview with Mordechai Gazit.

13
. Kissinger,
Years of Upheaval,
1,037.

14
. Ibid., 1,038.

15
. Shimon Peres,
David's Sling
(London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1970), 259.

16
. Ibid., 976.

17
. Interview with Dan Patir.

18
. Yossi Melman and Dan Raviv,
Behind the Uprising: Israelis, Jordanians, and Palestinians
(New York: Greenwood Press, 1989), 127–9.

19
. Ibid., 129–30; and Shimon Peres,
Battling for Peace: Memoirs
(London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1995), 165,301.

20
. Matti Golan,
Shimon Peres: A Biography
(London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1982), 153–4.

21
. Interviews with Zaid Rifa'i and Mreiwad al-Tall.

22
. Al-Rifa'i, ‘The 1974 Rabat Conference: A Crucial Arab Summit', 68–77.

23
. Interview with Zaid Rifa'i.

24
. Madiha Rashid Al Madfai,
Jordan, the United States and the Middle East Peace Process 1974–1991
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993), 21.

25
. Interview with King Hussein bin Talal.

26
. Interview with Prince Talal bin Muhammad.

27
. Interview with Dr Kamel Abu Jaber.

28
. Yehuda Lukacs,
Israel, Jordan, and the Peace Process
(New York: Syracuse University Press, 1999), 140.

29
. Dan Raviv and Yossi Melman,
Every Spy a Prince: The Complete History of Israel's Intelligence Community
(Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1990), 213–14.

30
. Moshe Zak, ‘Israeli-Jordanian Negotiations',
Washington Quarterly,
8: 1 (Winter 1985).

31
. Interview with Adnan Abu-Odeh.

32
. Gideon Rafael,
Destination Peace: Three Decades of Israeli Foreign Policy
(New York: Stein and Day, 1981), 363; and Yossi Melman, ‘Talks Amidst Hostility',
Ha'aretz,
2 August 1991.

33
. Melman and Raviv,
Behind the Uprising,
130–34.

34
. Oral History Project, Leonard Davis Institute for International Relations, Jerusalem. Fifth interview with Yigal Allon, 4 June 1979, 5001/19, Israel State Archives (ISA).

35
. Zak, ‘Israeli-Jordanian Negotiations'.

36
. Interview with King Hussein bin Talal.

1
. Jimmy Carter,
Keeping Faith: Memoirs of a President
(London: Collins, 1982), 285.

2
. Interview with Prince Talal bin Muhammad.

3
. Interview with Sharif Zaid bin Shaker.

4
. Moshe Dayan,
Breakthrough: A Personal Account of the Egypt-Israel Peace Negotiations
(London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1981), 35–7.

5
. Interview with King Hussein bin Talal.

6
. Eliahu Ben Elissar,
Lo Od Milhama [No More War],
in Hebrew (Jerusalem: Ma'ariv, 1995), 33–6.

7
. Interview with King Hussein bin Talal.

8
. ‘King Hussein Calls on Arabs to Heal Splits, Not To Aggravate Them',
Jordan Times
, 29 November 1977.

9
. Interview with Laila Sharaf.

10
. Raad Alkadiri, ‘Strategy and Tactics in Jordanian Foreign Policy 1967–1988' (unpublished D.Phil. thesis, University of Oxford, 1995), 104.

11
. Letter from Jimmy Carter to King Hussein, 16 August 1978, Box 13, ‘The Papers of Philip Geyelin', Middle East Centre Archive, St Antony's College, Oxford.

12
. Letter from King Hussein to Jimmy Carter, 27 August 1978, ibid.

13
. Interview with Dan Patir.

14
. Interviews with King Hussein bin Talal, Prince Raad bin Zaid and Nicholas Veliotis.

15
. Carter,
Keeping Faith
, 397.

16
. Zbigniew Brzezinski,
Power and Principle: Memoirs of a National Security Adviser 1977–1981
(London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1983), 261.

17
. Carter,
Keeping Faith
, 404.

18
. Obituary of Cyrus Vance by Harold Jackson,
Guardian
, 14 January 2002.

19
. Cyrus Vance,
Hard Choices: Critical Years in America's Foreign Policy
(New York: Simon and Schuster, 1983), 229–30.

20
. Interviews with King Hussein bin Talal, Laila Sharaf and Marwan Kasim. For the text of the Questions and Answers see Appendix B in Madiha Rashid Al Madfai,
Jordan, the United States and the Middle East Peace Process 1974–1991
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993), 222–30.

21
. Interview with Nicholas Veliotis.

22
. Carter,
Keeping Faith
, 409.