Makers of Ancient Strategy: From the Persian Wars to the Fall of Rome (52 page)

252 Index

divine sanction, 18–19

and, 31, 35–36, 43, 49–50; Greek concept

Doloaspis, 126

of power and, 34–38; Hellenization and,

Drangiana, 121

118, 130–31, 177; intermarriage and, 127–29;

Drauga, 17–19

interstate system and, 59, 63, 69, 71–73, 77,

Drimacus, 188, 193, 197, 201

86n43, 87n50, 88n58; King’s Peace and,

drones, 2

70–73, 86n43, 88n56, 89nn59,63; mainte-

Dumnorix, 215–16

nance challenges and, 49; multipolar state

Dyrrachium, 221

system and, 69, 73, 86n43; naval power

and, 51–52 (
see also
naval power); negative

Earle, Edward M., 1–2

connotation of, 4–5, 47; Pericles and, 31, 36,

Ecbatana, 120–21

38, 40–55; Piraeus harbor and, 65; quality

Ecclesia, 68, 85n40

of life and, 38–39; religion and, 36; Rome

economic issues, 132; Athenian Empire and, 5;

and, 118, 163–69; Spartans and, 67–70, 97;

circuit wall and, 151–52; counterinsurgency

Thucydides and, 45–47; transpopulation

and, 167–68; fortifications and, 58–59;

policy and, 127; tribute payments and,

frontier defense and, 229, 233, 235, 241–42;

34–35

Greek city-states and, 5; harbor duties

English Channel, 167, 207

and, 38; imports and, 38; Julius Caesar and,

Enna, 191–92, 194

210; naval power and, 69; North Africa

Epaminondas the Theban, 2, 9; aftermath

and, 239; Peloponessian Wars and, 34, 104;

of strategy of, 105–7; as agent of change,

Piraeus harbor and, 63–64; preemption

95–96; ancient records on, 99–100; battle

and, 108–10; private armies and, 217–20;

of Leuctra and, 97, 103, 109; Boeotia and,

satrap system and, 125–26; slavery and,

94–99, 103–12; death of, 106, 108; democ-

196, 200; spice trade and, 133; taxes and,

racy and, 6, 94; as “first man of Greece,”

163–65, 176–77; trade restrictions and, 233;

93; frees helots, 6, 93–94, 98, 104–8, 112,

treasurers and, 126; tribute and, 34–35, 38

114n9, 115n11, 116n19, 188; humiliates

Egypt, 130, 172–73, 221; Alexander and, 120, 126,

Spartans, 83n25, 93–99, 103–12; inva-

131–32; Alexandria, 127–28, 134; Athenian

sion of 370–69 and, 96–100, 104; lack of

campaign and, 34–35, 55; Cambyses and, 17;

modern knowledge on, 94; Laconia and,

Cleopatra and, 221; collapse of Assyrian

104, 106–8; lessons learned from, 107–10;

Empire and, 12; Julius Caesar and, 221–22;

longer-term aims of, 104–5; preeminence

marriage customs in, 131; Pompey and,

of, 93; preemption and, 6, 97–100, 103–12;

221; Ptolemaic kings and, 131–32, 135; satrap

tenure of, 99, 104; unorthodox methods of,

system and, 126; segregation and, 131; Six-

99–100; urban fighting and, 149, 153–54; as

Day War and, 101–2; strategic significance

zealot, 112

of, 14–15; treatment of elderly and, 131;

ephors, 67

Zenobia and, 166

Ephorus, 93

Ejsbol Mose, 236

Eryx, 177

elderly, 131

espionage, 17, 24–25, 28

Elis, 145

eunomia
(good governance), 20

elitism, 15–16, 24, 40, 186, 192

Eunus, 194–95, 201

Elpinice, 42

Euripides, 94, 130

empire building, 13–14; Alexander and, 118–35;

Eurotas River, 98, 104, 149

Athenians and, 34–55, 70, 97; autonomy

Eurymedon River, 34

and, 36–37; Boeotia and, 94–99, 103–12;

Ezekiel (Biblical prophet), 12, 15

class issues and, 40–41; Darius and, 18–19;

Delian League and, 31–34, 43, 45; expan-

Fallujah, 140

sionism and, 55; financial gain of, 37–38;

famine, 96

fortifications and, 58–78 (
see also
fortifica-

Fertile Crescent, 14

tions); founding cities and, 127–28; glory

fides
(faithfulness), 213

Index 253

First Coronea, battle of, 97

Chnodomarius and, 235–36, 238; Danube

First Mantineia, battle of, 97

and, 227–35, 239, 244n9; economic issues

First Punic War, 177

and, 229; Gaul and, 240–41; Germany

First Sicilian Slave Wars, 189, 191, 197–99

and, 235–42; grand strategy and, 232–34;

Five Years’ Peace, 44

hostages and, 233, 237, 245n20; Huns and,

Florus, 166

238–40; imperial collapse and, 241–42; in-

fortifications: agriculture and, 96, 143; Athe-

ternal political agendas and, 228–29; Magi-

nians and, 5, 58–78; Attica and, 58, 73, 75,

not Line and, 228; mobile field armies

91n69; circuit wal and, 143–44, 151–52;

and, 227; naval power and, 227, 232–33;

citizen labor and, 58, 64–65; Conon and,

North Africa and, 239–40; overcrowding

58–59, 69–70, 75; Cyclopean masonry and,

and, 231–32; policy of expansion and, 227;

59; defense mentality and, 73–75; defense of

raiders and, 227, 229, 232–33; Rhine and,

Attica and, 59–60; democracy and, 65–67,

227–35, 238–39, 244n5; Saxons and, 227, 229;

70, 76, 85n41; destruction by Mardonius

settlement burning and, 230; Severan era

and, 60–61; foreign policy and, 73–74;

and, 227; targeted annual subsidies and,

frontier defense and, 227–42; Hippodamus

233; Tetrarchic emperors and, 229–30, 234;

of Miletus and, 63–64; interstate system

trade privileges and, 233, 235

and, 59, 63, 69, 71–73, 77, 86n43, 87n50,

88n58; Iraq and, 5; Israel and, 77; jealousy

Galilee, 176

over, 62; King’s Peace and, 70–73, 86n43,

Ganges River, 122, 124

88n56, 89nn59,63; Long Wal s and, 5, 52,

Gaugamela, battle of, 119–20, 124–25

59, 63, 65–70, 73, 76–77, 84nn29,30,32, 85n40;

Gaul, 8, 165, 172–74; Cisalpine, 206–7, 211–12,

Mexican border and, 5; naval power and,

217, 219; frontier defense and, 239–41; Julius

60, 63–65; Pentekontaetia and, 61–62;

Caesar and, 166, 206–7, 211–19; provincial

Pericles and, 58–59, 75; Persian Wars and,

power and, 175; Rubicon and, 206; Sequani

58; Piraeus and, 63–65, 83n28; politics of,

and, 211; Transalpine, 211, 213, 219

58–59; resource investment of, 58–59; Rome

Gaulle, Charles de, 10

and, 8–9, 227–42; security zones and, 76–77;

Gaza, 7, 120, 132

slave labor and, 58; solid construction of,

Gedrosian Desert, 122

63; Spartan view of, 63, 66, 81n16, 82n24,

gender issues, 152–53, 156

83n25; technology and, 5, 76–77; Themis-

genocide, 167

tocles and, 58–64, 70, 81n16; Thucydides

geopolitics, 23

on, 61–63; traditional Greek warrior ethic

Gergovia, 216

and, 66; United States and, 5, 76–77; urban

Germania
(Tacitus), 235

fighting and, 143–52; war memorials and, 61

Germanicus, 167

fourth-generational warfare, 2

Germany, 101, 198, 207; Ariovistus and, 211,

fourth philosophy, 168

213–14, 218; counterinsurgency and, 165,

France, 207–8, 227–8

167, 172; frontier defense and, 235–42; Julius

Franks, 231, 242

Caesar and, 211–15, 218

freedom: King’s Peace and, 70–73, 86n43,

Gibson, Mel, 173

88n56, 89nn59,63; slave wars and, 185–202.

globalization, 2

See also
autonomy

gods.
See
religion

Freedom Tower, 80n13

Goldsworthy, Adrian, vii–viii, 8, 206–26

Free Germany, 165

Gordian knot, 120, 124

French Revolution, 207–8

Gordium, 120

frontier defense, 4, 8–9; alliance building and,

Gorzny, 140

239–40; archaeological record and, 227–32,

Goths, 233–40

236; barbarians and, 227–42; booty trans-

Gracchus, Tiberius, 189

port and, 232–33; campaigning- followed-

grand strategy, 232, 234

by-diplomacy approach and, 234–35;

Granicus River, battle of, 119–20, 123

254 Index

Great Hungarian Plain, 239

Hecatompylus, 121

Great Panathenaic Festival, 41

hegemony: Athenian, 32, 42; Macedonian, 119;

Greco-Persian Wars, 4; Aegean and, 13, 16,

Spartan, 6, 70, 74, 86nn43,45, 97, 108; The-

19–20, 23, 32–33, 35, 40, 42; fortifications

ban, 93–94, 106, 113, 114n4, 117nn28,29,30, 139

and, 58–78; King’s Peace and, 70–73, 86n43,

Heius of Messana, 177

88n56, 89nn59,63.
See also
Greece; Persia

Heliopolis, 192

Greece, 3; Alexander the Great and, 118–35;

Helipolitae (Sun citizens), 192

Athenians and, 4–5 (
see also
Athenians); as

Hellas, 139

backwater country, 20–21, 28; barbar-

Hellenic League, 32

ian concept and, 25; battle of Marathon

Hellenization, 6, 118, 130–35, 164, 177

and, 24–26; battle of Thermopylae and,

Hellespont, 100

27–28; bipolar state system and, 63, 69,

helots: Epaminondas’s release of, Messenian,

86n43; Boeotia and, 60, 71, 89n61, 94–99,

6, 93–94, 98, 104–8, 112, 114n9, 115n11,

103–12, 113n3, 147, 188; city-states of, 4–6

116n19, 188; slave wars and, 186–88, 203

(
see also
city-states); Classical Period of,

Helvetii, 211, 213, 218

58–78; Darius and, 23–26; Delian Leauge

Heracles, 130–32

and, 31–34, 43, 45; democracy and, 21–23,

Herod Agrippa I, 176

26;
demos
and, 21–22; fractious politics of,

Herod Agrippa II, 173, 176

20–23; freedom concept of, 36–37; good

Herodotus, 3, 60

governance and, 20; Hellenization and, 6,

Herod the Great, 173, 175–76

118, 130–35, 164, 177;
homoioi
(equal class)

Hiero II, 177

concept and, 21; hoplites and, 46, 64, 66,

Hindu Kush, 13

91nn69,72, 94, 97, 103, 107–8, 114n7, 139–40,

Hippias, 22, 24

147, 149–53, 156; inferiority complex of, 26;

Hippodamus of Miletus, 63–64, 146

interstate system and, 59, 63, 69, 71–73, 77,

Hipponicus, 40

86n43, 87n50, 88n58; Ionians and, 16–17,

Hitler, Adolph, 10

20, 23–26, 32, 100, 147, 139;
isonomia
and,

Holland, Tom, viii, 4, 11–30

22; King’s Peace and, 70–73, 86n43, 88n56,

Hollywood, 185

89nn59,63; multipolar state system and, 69,

Homer, 130

73, 86n43; oligarchy and, 6; phalanx and,

homoioi
(equal class) concept, 21

24, 28; philosophers and, 17; Pompey and,

hoplites, 46; battle formation and, 150; equip-

220–21;
proskynesis
and, 129; slave wars

ment of, 149–51; fortfications and, 64, 66,

and, 185–202; Spartans and, 20–21 (
see also

91nn69,72; preemption and, 94, 97, 103,

Spartans); thetes and, 64;
tyrannos
and,

107–8, 114n7; training for, 150; urban fight-

21–22; unity of, 20; Xerxes and, 26–28

ing and, 139–40, 147–53, 156

Green Zone, 157

hospitium
, 177

Gregory of Nyssa, 191

hostages, 81n16, 171, 233, 237, 245n20

Greuthungi, 239

Hot Gates, 27

Ground Zero, 61

hubris
, 37

guerrilla warfare, 121, 124, 169–70, 196

Hue, 140

Gytheion, 98

human nature, 3, 39, 48

Huns, 238–40

Hadrian, 167

Hussein, Saddam, 92n79, 102, 109

Haitian Revolution, 202

Hydaspes River, 122, 127, 129

Halai, 143

Hyphasis (Beas) River, 122, 124, 134

Halicarnassus, 120, 123

Hanson, Victor Davis, vii, 1–10, 93–117

Iambulus, 192

harmosts, 68, 88n51

idealism, 6, 93, 134

Harpalus, 126

ideology, 7; Alexander and, 128; banditry and,

Heather, Peter J., viii, 8, 227–46

168–69; counterinsurgency and, 163–79;

Index 255

ideology (
continued
)

Israel, 12, 15, 77, 92n79, 101–2, 167

democracy and, 21–23; Julius Caesar and,

Issus, battle of, 119–20

206; messianic, 6, 193, 204n15;
sicarii
and,

Isthmus of Corinth, 69

168; slavery and, 191–93; zealots and, 112,

117n28

Japan, 101

Idumaeans, 172

javelins, 151

Iliad
(Homer), 130

jerkins, 25

Illyria, 211

Jerusalem, 12, 15, 167–68, 176

Illyricum, 167

jet fighters, 156

Imbros, 70, 72

Jewish revolt of 66 CE, 168, 173–74

imperialism, 4, 14, 44, 47, 87n50, 88n54, 89n61,

Jonathan (high priest), 168

174, 183n36, 242.
See also
empire building

Josephus, 165–68, 173–74

incest, 131

Judaea, 16, 166, 172; Babylonian exile and,

India, 118, 122–23, 126–27, 131

12; banditry and, 169, 182n20; Cyrus and,

Indra, 131

14–15; Herod Agrippa I and, 176; Herod

Indus River, 122

Agrippa II and, 173, 176; Herod the Great

industrial war, 2

and, 173, 175–76; Parthians and, 175; Pom-

insurgents, 7, 10; Alexander and, 126; assassina-

pey and, 174; provincial power and, 175;

tion and, 168; banditry and, 168–71; Bar-

Temple of Jerusalem and, 12, 15

Kokhba and, 165–67, 169, 172; crucifixion