Makers of Ancient Strategy: From the Persian Wars to the Fall of Rome (53 page)

Julian, 230

of, 185; defining, 178; fourth philosophy

Julius Caesar, 2, 6–10, 93, 163; achievements of,

and, 168; Ionia and, 23–26, 139; Jewish Re-

206, 209–10, 213; annual councils of, 214;

volt of 66 ce and, 173–74; modern, 201–2;

Ariovistus and, 211, 213–14, 218; aristocratic

Red Army and, 202; sicarii and, 169–70;

background of, 209; army size of, 209; as-

slave wars and, 185–202; Spartacus and,

sassination of, 207, 222; Augustus and, 207;

8 (
see also
Spartacus); terrorism and, 168;

Britain and, 212–16; brutality of, 213–14,

urban fighting and, 142

216, 222; Byzantine Empire and, 207; cha-

intelligence gathering, 7, 24, 53, 156, 232

risma of, 217–18; Cicero and, 206; civil war

intermarriage, 127–31

and, 206; Conference of Luca and, 212;

Internet, 2

corona civica
and, 209; Crassus and, 210–12,

interstate system, 59, 63, 69, 71–73, 77, 86n43,

217, 219; crossing of Rubicon and, 206, 208,

87n50, 88n58

220;
cursus honorum
and, 210; debts of, 210;

Ionian Rebellion, 23–26, 139

democracy and, 207; as dictator, 207–8,

Ionians, 20; Athenian ties of, 32; barbarian

219, 222–4; diplomacy and, 215; Egypt and,

concept and, 25; fire concept and, 17;

221–22; expansion of military by, 219; Gaul

insurrection of, 23–26, 139; Persia and,

and, 166, 206–7, 211–19; genius of, 223–24;

16–17; preemption and, 100; urban fighting

Germany and, 211–15, 218; glory-seeking

and, 147

of, 210–11, 222; Helvetii and, 211, 213, 218;

Iran, 12, 18, 128

Herod and, 175; ideology and, 206; legal

Iraq, 6, 29; Cyrus’s invasion of, 11–16; diplo-

command area of, 206; lessons from,

macy and, 215; fortifications and, 5, 77;

208–9; naval power and, 212–13; occupa-

Marduk and, 12, 14; modern insurgents

tional tactics and, 214–15; as opportunist,

and, 201; preemption and, 101; security

211; as orator, 210; pitched battle and, 206;

zones and, 76–77

political analysis of, 206–17, 220; Pompey

Iraq War, 101, 109–2, 140

and, 208, 210, 217–24; Popular Assembly

Iron Gates, 229

and, 211, 223; private armies and, 217–20;

Isaiah (Biblical prophet), 15

republican system and, 207; reputation of,

Isaurians, 169, 171

210; rewards from, 218–21; Senate and, 206,

Islams, 109

210–11, 213, 223; shaping of war and, 211–13;

isonomia
(equality), 22

slavery and, 212, 218; soldier loyalty to,

256 Index

217–18; Spanish bodyguard of, 223; Sparta-

Magalopolis, 110, 117n25

cus and, 209; Thirteenth Legion and, 206;

Maginot Line, 228

Veneti and, 212; war strategy and, 211–13

magistrates, 209

Makers of Modern Strategy: From Machiavelli to

Kagan, Donald, viii, 4–5, 31–57, 65

the Nuclear Age
(Paret), 1

kaiser, 207

Makers of Modern Strategy: Military Thought

“King of Kings,” 13, 15, 19, 23, 28

from Machiavelli to Hitler
(Earle), 1

King’s Peace, 86n43, 88n56; autonomy and,

Malli, 122

89n63; autonomy clause and, 71–72, 89n63;

Mantineia, 97–98, 103–7, 110, 117n25, 143

balance of power and, 89n61; terms of,

Manius Aquilius, 199

89n59

manumission, 185, 200–201

Kleombrotos, 97

Maracanda, 122

Koestler, Arthur, 201

Marathon, battle of, 24–26

Kuwait, 112

Marcellinus, Ammianus, 234, 236

Marduk, 12, 14

Lacedaemon, 62

Marie Antoinette, 191

Laconia, 37, 104, 106–8, 186, 188

Marius, 208, 210

Lade, 24, 28

Mark Antony, 93, 171, 175, 221–22

Laureion, 60

maroons, 197, 200

League of Corinth, 119

Marshall, George, 10

Lee, John W. I., viii–ix, 7, 138–62

Marxism, 189, 191

legionaries, 165, 172–73, 185, 218, 222

mass deportation, 167

Legio V Alaudae
(Gallic legion), 219

Mattern, Susan P., ix, 7, 163–84

Lemnos, 70, 72

Mauretania Tingitana, 171–72

Lenin, 201

Mazaces, 120

Leontiades, 95

Mazaeus, 125

Lepidus, 210

Media, 12–13

Lesbos, 33

medization, 60

Leuctra, battle of, 97, 103, 109

Megalopolis, 104–5, 143

Libya, 120

Melesias, 45

Lie, 17–18

Melian Dialogue, 36

Light vs. Darkness, 17

Melos, 55

Limigantes, 232, 245n17

Melqart, 131–32

Livy, 3

Memphis, 120, 132

Long March, 202

Menapii, 214

Long Walls: destruction of, 67–68, 85n40; for-

mercenaries, 92n73, 126, 139, 142, 144, 148, 154, 157

tification strategy and, 5, 52, 59, 63, 65–70,

Messana, 177

73, 76–77, 84nn29,30,32, 85n40; maintenance

Messenia, 143; as breadbasket, 98; helots of,

of, 73; rebuilding of, 70, 73, 76–77

6, 93–94, 98, 104–8, 112, 186, 188; Spartans

Louis XVI, 191

and, 37

Lucullus, 210

messianic idealism, 6, 193, 204n15

Lusitania, 209

Metallis of Enna, 191–92

Luttwak, Edward, 227

Mexico, 5, 77

Lycia, 125

Midas, 120

Lydia, 12, 13, 16, 23

Miletus, 123

Lysander, 67–68

military: battle formation and, 150; centurions,

219–20, 222, 226nn20,22; civil authority

Macedonians, 6, 76, 106, 126–27

over, 207; Delian League and, 31–34, 43,

Machiavelli, 10

45; democracy and, 207; dictators and,

Maedians, 119

206–7, 223–24; expansion of powers of, 4;

Index 257

military (
continued
)

86n43; Themistocles and, 58–60, 63–65;

fortifications and, 5, 58–78; frontier defense

thetes and, 64; Thucydides on, 81n16;

and, 227–42; gender issues and, 152–53, 156;

triremes and, 60, 64, 67, 85n37

historical analysis of, 1–3; hoplites and,

nemesis
(divine anger), 37

46, 64, 66, 91nn69,72, 94, 97, 103, 107–8,

Nepos, 100

114n7, 139–40, 147, 149–53, 156; intelligence

Nero, 165–66

gathering and, 7, 24, 53, 156, 232; keeping

night-vision goggles, 2

the initiative and, 221; King’s Peace and,

Nile Delta, 169

70–73, 86n43, 88n56, 89nn59,63; legionaries,

Nineveh, 12, 20

165, 172–73, 185, 218, 222; light infantry,

no-fly zones, 112

151; mercenaries, 92n73, 126, 139, 142, 144,

North Hill of Olynthos, 147

148, 154, 157; naval power and, 58–59 (
see

nostril
(our men), 219

also
naval power); no-fly zones and, 112;

Notium, 142, 155

occupational challenges and, 6, 9–10, 15–

nuclear weapons, 179

16; phalanx and, 9, 24, 28, 64, 85n34, 95, 104,

Nysa, 131–32

114n7, 150, 154, 185–86; pitched battles and,

27, 92n73, 95–97, 139, 152–54, 196, 199, 206;

Oath of Plataea, 61

private armies and, 217–20; provisioning,

Ober, Josiah, 73, 92n72

98–99; satrap system and, 124–29; seasonal

occupational challenges, 6, 9–10, 15–16

armies and, 98–99; security zones and,

ochlos
, 94

76–77; sling bullets and, 141, 148; status

Octavian, 175

hierarchies and, 152–53; strategy and, 7 (
see

Odeion of Pericles, 145

also
strategy); thetes and, 64; urban fight-

Oenomaus, 190

ing and, 138–57; Western superiority in, 7;

Oeum, 147

world opinion and, 157

Old Oligarch, 38–40, 50–51

Mithridates, 199, 209

oligarchy, 6; Boeotia and, 95–96, 105, 108–12,

Mithridates VI Eupator, 189

114n5, 116n21; democracy and, 95–96;

Mogadishu, 140, 155

fortifications and, 66–68, 83n28, 85n41;

Montaigne, Michel de, 93

Greek empire building and, 38–40, 50;

Morocco, 171

Leontiades and, 95; urban fighting and,

Motya, 148

138–47, 151–53, 157

Mounichia hill, 144, 147, 151, 153

Olynthos, 141, 147–48, 151

Mouseion hill, 144

On the Fortune or the Virtue of Alexander

Mt. Ithome, 104

( Plutarch), 128

Mt. Taygetos, 98, 105

Opis, 123, 128–30

multipolar state system, 69, 73, 86n43

Oracle of Zeus-Ammon, 120, 131

mutilation, 167

Orchomenos, 96

Mycale, 48

Ortygia, 144

Mytileneans, 33

ostracism, 46–47

Oxus, 121

Napoleon, 8, 10, 207–8, 218, 223–4

Oxyartes, 121, 129

Naucratis, 126

Naupactus, 188

pacification, 6

naval power, 51–53; Athenian, 63–65, 73; British,

Pagondas, 103

77–78; Conon and, 58–59, 69–70, 75, 87n47;

Pakistan, 118

economic issues and, 69; fortifications

Pallantion, 144

and, 63–65; frontier defense and, 227,

Palmyra, 166

232–33; Julius Caesar and, 212–13; Long

pan-Hellenism, 44

Walls and, 65;
ochlos
and, 94; Phaleron and,

Parapamisadae, 129

65; Piraeus and, 63–65; Spartans and, 62,

parents, 131

258 Index

Paret, Peter, 1

Callias peace treaty and, 41–43; conquest

Parmenion, 121, 134

of Babylon and, 11–16; cosmic order and,

Parthians, 174–75, 222

17–19; Cyrus and, 11–18, 26, 122, 139; Darius

Pashtun tribes, 122–23

and, 18–19; Darius III and, 119; defeat

Passion, The
(film), 173

of, 95; Delian League and, 32–34; elitism

Paul of Tarsus, 173

and, 15–16, 24; empire building and, 13–14,

Paullus, Aemilius, 219

18–19; espionage and, 17, 28; fire concept

Pausanias, 100

and, 17; fortifications against, 58–78; infan-

Pax Persica, 16, 27

try of, 27–28; Ionians and, 16–17, 20; King’s

Pax Romana, 200

Peace and, 70–73, 86n43, 88n56, 89nn59,63;

Peace of Antalcidas, The, 71

Mardonius and, 60–61; Pardonius and,

Pearl Harbor, 101

60–61; Pax Persica and, 16, 27;
proskynesis

Pelopidas, 95

and, 129; satrap system and, 41, 69, 119–21,

Pelopidas
(Plutarch), 100

124–29, 133–34; taxation and, 16; temple

Peloponnese, 6, 9; battle of Leuctra and, 97;

burning of, 27–28, 44; tolerance of, 14–15,

battle of Thermopylae and, 27–28; Epami-

16; urban fighting and, 142, 144; Xerxes

nondas’s invasion of, 96–107; slavery and,

and, 26–28

186; Spartans and, 20–21

Persis, 125–26

Peloponnesian League, 32, 37

Peucestas, 126

Peloponnesian Wars, 54, 73; allied squabbles

phalanx, 9; fortifications and, 64, 85n34; Greco-

after, 95; ascension of Thebes and, 95;

Persian Wars and, 24, 28; preemption and,

Athenian resources and, 34; fortifications

114n7; slave wars and, 185–86; Spartans

and, 66–67, 75; Long Walls and, 59; naval

and, 95, 104; urban fighting and, 150, 154

power and, 51–52; Pericles on, 111; preemp-

Phaleron, 65

tion and, 100, 102–3; slavery and, 188;

Pharnabazus, 69–70

tactics learned from, 98; urban fighting

Pharsalus, 206, 221

and, 138–42

Phaselis, 41

penestai
(communal slaves), 187–88

Pheidias, 94

Pentekontaetia, 61–62

Phillip II of Macedon, 76, 93, 100, 119, 127, 141,

Pergamum, 134, 189

148, 155

Pericles, 4–5, 9; Callias and, 42; Cimon and,

philosophers, 15, 17, 50, 128, 168 , 191–92

42–43, 46; defense strategies and, 31, 36, 38,

Philotas affair, 121–22

40–55; democracy and, 94; empire building

Philoxenus, 126

and, 40–55; fortifications and, 58–59, 66, 75,

Phocylides, 36

85n34; freedom and, 49; Funeral Oration

Phoenicia, 126, 132

of 431 and, 49; Hippodamus and, 64; Long

Phrada, 121

Walls and, 65; naval power and, 51–53, 65;

Phrasaortes, 125

path-breaking approach of, 31; peace plans

Phrygia, 119, 125

of, 42–45; policies of, 31, 36, 38, 40–55; pre-

pikes, 150

emption and, 94, 111, 117n27; slavery and,

Piraeus, 38; fortification building and, 63–65,

49; Spartans and, 42–45, 48; Thucydides

67, 70, 77, 83n28; maintenance of, 73;

and, 45–47, 51, 55; tribute and, 45; tyranny

Spartan blockade of, 65, 67; Sphrodias’s

and, 46

raid on, 72; urban fighting and, 139, 143,

Perinthos, 148

147, 151, 153

Persepolis, 120–22, 134–35

pirates, 33, 190, 198–200, 209

Persia, 37; Ahura Mazda and, 17–18; Alexander

Pisistratus, 21–22

and, 6, 9, 118–37; Athenian Empire and,

pitched battle, 27; fortifications and, 92n73;

4–5, 41–42, 73; battle of Gaugamela and,

Julius Caesar and, 206; slave wars and, 196,

119–20, 124–25; battle of Marathon and,

199; Spartans and, 95–97, 139; urban fight-

24–26; battle of Thermopylae and, 27–28;

ing and, 152–54

Index 259

Plataea: fortifications and, 60–61; Greek em-