Making War to Keep Peace (51 page)

45. The London Conference, August 26–28, 1992, under the leadership of Lord Peter Carrington. Department of State Dispatch, September, 1992, Supplement 7.

46. Lawrence Eagleburger, “Intervention at the London Conference on the Former Yugoslavia” (speech given on August 26, 1992, Department of State Dispatch, August 31, 1992.

47. On July 27, 1995, Mazowiecki resigned in protest against UN hypocrisy. (See
Washington Post
, July 28, 1995.)

48. Brendan Simms,
Unfinest Hour: Britain and the Destruction of Bosnia
. (London: Allen Lane, Penguin Press, 2001), 68, 115–119, 129.

49. Don Oberdorfer, “Bush, Major Seek Action on Serbia; UN Enforcement of Flight Ban Urged; START Progress Seen,”
Washington Post
, December 22, 1992.

50. UN Security Council Resolutions.

51. John M.Goshko, “Bush Threatens Military Force if Serbs Attack Ethnic Albanians,”
Washington Post
, December 29, 1992. See also Simms,
Unfinest Hour
, 56.

52. Simms,
Unfinest Hour
.

53. Ibid., 349.

54. McNeil/Lehrer NewsHour, August 29, 1992.

55. David Owen,
Balkan Odyssey
(New York: Harcourt Brace & Company, 1995). Dedicated to “Cyrus Vance and Thorvald Stoltenberg and all those from the UN and the EU who worked with us in the International Conference on the Former Yugoslavia.” Owen reviews the history of differences between the United States and the United Kingdom concerning Yugoslavia, 8–13.

56. Peter Maass, “Warfare, Genocide Reemerge in Face of Bosnian Peace Plan,”
Washington Post
, February 9, 1993.

57. Christine Spolar and Julia Preston, “Rivals Debate U.S. Role in Balkan Crisis, Call for Support of UN Plan,”
Washington Post
, February 5, 1993.

58. Robert Mauthner, “Bosnia Negotiators Count Considerable Achievements: Robert Mauthner Talks to Lord Owen about the Peace Process,”
Financial Times
(London), February 1, 1993..

59. Owen,
Balkan Odyssey
, 15. Owen had some curious views on how to improve the situation on the ground. He wrote to John Major about the urgency of action, saying of that Lord Carrington's efforts were likely to fail, and adding “Only the United Nations has both the experience and the authority to impose international order.”

60. Elaine Sciolino, “U.S. Faces a Delicate Task in Intervening in Negotiations on Bosnia,”
New York Times
, February 12, 1993.

61. Op-ed, “Clinton in Effect Supports Current Bosnia Peace Plan,”
New York Times
, February 11, 1993.

62. Colin Powell, “U.S. Forces: Challenges Ahead.”
Foreign Affairs
71, (Winter 1992): 32–45.63. “Rules of Engagement,” Force Commander's Policy Directive Number 13 (FCPD 13) issued March 24, 1992, and revised July 19, 1993, by the UN Department of Peace-Keeping Operations.

64. Peter Maass, “Top Official Assassinated in Bosnia,”
Washington Post
, January 9, 1993.

65. “Rules of Engagement” (FCPD 13). Rule 16(b) states, “When it becomes necessary to open fire, force is to be used only until the aggressor has stopped firing.”

66. Don Oberdorfer, “U.S. Intervention in Bosnia Urged,”
Washington Post
, January 14, 1993.

67. Ibid.

68. Peter Maass, “A Cry for Help from a Frozen Hell,”
Washington Post
, January 13, 1993.

69. Ibid.

70. Ibid.

71. John F. Burns, “UN to Ask NATO to Airdrop Supplies for Bosnians,”
New York Times
, January 12, 1993.

72. Ibid.

73. Jonathan C. Randal, “Preserving the Fruits of Ethnic Cleansing,”
Washington Post
, February 11, 1993.

74. John M. Goshko, “U.S. Options Dwindling on Bosnia; Voicing Frustration, Clinton Vows to Press Serbs Via Belgrade,”
Washington Post
, April 7, 1993.

75. Ibid.

76. John M. Goshko, “U.S. Takes More Active Balkans Role”
Washington Post
, February 10, 1993.

77. UN Security Council Resolution 819.

78. Tadeusz Mazowiecki, special rapporteur for the UN Commission on Human Rights, report of April 1996, 21.

79. In 1992, Boutros-Ghali openly complained to the Security Council in the context that the West was more interested in Bosnia than the catastrophe in Somalia.

80. Stephen Bates, “Thatcher Attacks Inaction Over Serbian Aggression,”
The Guardian
, April 14, 1993; Patricia Wynn Davies and Annika Savill, “Thatcher Demands the Arming of Bosnia,”
The Independent
, April 14, 1993.

81. Thatcher also expressed her views about Bosnia in an interview with Harry Smith on
CBS This Morning
, April 14, 1993.

82. Visits to the U.S. by Foreign Heads of States and Governments 1993, U.S. Department of State. President Alia Izetbegovic went to Washington to attend the Muslim-Croat federation agreement on March 17–19, 1994 and September 25, 1994 to the UN General Assembly in New York to discuss the Bosnia conflict with President Clinton.

83. Warren Christopher on
Nightline
, June 7, 1993.84. Daniel Williams and John M. Goshko, “Reduced U.S. World Role Outlined but Soon Altered,”
Washington Post
, May 26, 1993.

85. Ann Devroy, “Nailing Down a Bosnia Policy; Top Clinton Aides, After Finger-Pointing, Meet to Seek United Front,”
Washington Post
, June 7, 1995.

86. John F. Burns, “Attacks on Bosnian Muslims Are Intensifying After Pause,”
New York Times
, July 4, 1993.

87. Warren Christopher at Hearing of the House Foreign Affairs Committee. Subject: Foreign Aid Budget for FY94, May 19, 1993. Text available from LexisNexis Congressional. Bethesda, MD: Congressional Information Service.

88. Ibid., May 18, 1993.

89. Burns, “Attacks on Bosnian Muslims Are Intensifying.”

90. Ibid.

91. Jonathan C. Randal, “UN, Croatia in Dispute,”
Washington Post
, February 5, 1993.

92. Uli Schmetzer, “How West Let Croatia Sneak Arms,”
Chicago Tribune
, August 20, 1995.

93. Annika Savill, “Mitterrand Sends in Troops to Outflank Kohl,”
Independent
(London), June 24, 1993.

94. Chuck Sudetic, “Serbs Block UN Relief Convoy to Besieged Town in Bosnia,”
New York Times
, March 16, 1994.

95. Daniel Williams, “U.S. Backs UN Plan for Bosnia Airstrikes,”
Washington Post
, February 8, 1994.

96. Bill Gertz, “White House Retreats on Idea of UN Army,”
Washington Times
, March 8, 1994.

97. Walter B. Slocombe, Testimony to the U.S. House of Representatives Com
mittee on Foreign Affairs, Subcommittee on Europe and the Middle East (February 2, 1994), 8–9.

98. Report of the Secretary-General Pursuant to General Assembly Resolution 53/35 (1998),
The Fall of Srebrenica
, A/54/549, November 15, 1999, p. 6.

99. Ibid.

100. 1994: Market Massacre in Sarajevo,
BBC News
, February 5, 1994.

101. Joshua Muravchik, “Yellow Rose: The UN Bosnia Commander Should Quit,”
New Republic
, December 5, 1994; Jennings, 3.

102. ABC,
Peter Jennings Reporting
, “The Peacekeepers: How the UN Failed in Bosnia,” April 24, 1995.

103. UN Security Council Resolution 836 (1993).

104. Paul Lewis, “Conflict in the Balkans; UN About to Step Up Action on Serbia,”
New York Times
, December 18, 1992, 14.

105. “Le conflit en Bosnie-Herzegovine: M. Boutros-Ghali autorise les responsables de la FORPRONU a recourir a l'aviation.”
Le Monde
. January 31, 1994.

106. Rick Atkinson, “Sarajevo's Shell-Shattered Market Was ‘Like a Butcher Shop,'”
Washington Post
, February 8, 1994.

107. Zlatko Dizdarevic,
Sarajevo: A War Journal
(New York: Fromm International, 1993), 174.

108. Oaul Lewis, “Terror in Sarajevo: UN Seeks Power for Bosnia Strikes,”
New York Times
, February 7, 1994.

109. For a good account of this incident and comments, see Michael R. Gordon, “NATO Craft Down Four Serb Warplanes Attacking Bosnia,”
New York Times
, March 1, 1994.

110. Ibid.

111. The description of the replacement was provided to me by a top UNPROFOR commander. The description of the treatment of UN forces in the Banja Luka area is from John Pomfret, “UN Wants to Withdraw from Bijac: Forced Withdrawal Would Be First of War,”
Washington Post
, December 7, 1994. Pomfret described Serb mistreatment of UN forces after two NATO strikes in late November, including locking Canadian troops in jail cells and refusing requests for food, resupply, and medical treatment. Complaints to the Bosnian Serbs about such treatment were met with the reply that those troops would be better treated if UN air strikes on Serb bases ended.

112. For an account of Scott O'Grady's ordeal, see Daniel Williams, “‘I'm Ready to Get the Hell Out of Here,'”
Washington Post
, June 9, 1995.

113. Jim Hoagland, “Bosnia: The UN's Moral Rot,”
Washington Post
, June 9, 1995.

114. Jeane J. Kirkpatrick, “Round and Round They Go, But Still No Help for Bosnia,”
New York Post
, Worldview, February 14, 1994.

115. Ashton P. Carter, William J. Perry, and John D. Steinbruner,
A New Concept of Cooperative Security
(Washington, DC: Brookings, 1992), 25.

116. Madeleine Albright, “Enforcing International Law,” address to Bureau of International Organization Affairs, Philadelphia Bar Association, June 15, 1995.

117. “Peace Operations: Heavy Use of Key Capabilities May Affect Response to Regional Conflicts”(Washington, DC: General Accounting Office, 1995).

118. George J. Church, “Pity the Peacekeepers: The Serbs Respond to Nato Bombings by Chaining Hostages Near Potential Targets and the Stalemate Resume,”
Time Magazine
, June 5, 1995.

119. “Dutch Government Quits over Srebrenica,”
BBC News
, April 16, 2002.

120. John Tagliabue. “Former Bosnian Serb Officer Admits Guilt in “95 Massacre.”
New York Times
, May 7, 2003; Marlise Simons, “Prosecutors Say Document Links MiloÅ¡ević to Genocide,”
New York Times
, June 20, 2003.

121. This account is based on that of Roy Gutman in
Newsday
, May 26, 1994.

122. Michael Dobbs and Christine Spolar, “Anybody Who Moved or Screamed Was Killed; Thousands Massacred on Bosnia Trek in July,”
Washington Post
, October 26, 1995.

123. Report of the Secretary-General,
The Fall of Srebrenica
, paragraphs 235–238.

124. Richard Holbrooke,
To End a War
(New York: Random House, 1998), 65.

125. Holbrooke,
To End a War
, 65.

126. Ibid.

127. Michael Rose,
Fighting for Peace
(London: Harvill Press, 1998), 143.

128. On the tension between the United Kingdom and the United States, see Simms,
Unfinest Hour
.

129. UN High Commissioner for Refugees,
The State of the World's Refugees 1997
:
A Humanitarian Agenda,
January 1997, http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/lib.nsf/db900SID/LGEL-5SAH4M? Open Document.

130. Admiral Leighton, U.S. Department of Defense, Defense Department Briefing, February 1, 1996. See also
Federal News Service
, February 2, 1996.

131. For an informed discussion of the unwritten commitments, see Paul R. Williams, “Promise Them Anything,”
Weekly Standard
, December 18, 1995.

132. Sheri Fink, “Truth in the Balkans,”
Washington Post
, November 12, 2003.

133. Claire Trean, “Massacres de Srebrenica: les députés concluent à un échec de la France; Dans son rapport rendu public, Jeudi 29 Novembre, la mission d'information parlementaire estime que Paris partage avec ses partenaires la responsabilité de l'abandon, en juillet 1995, de l'enclave musulmane de Bosnie orientale où sept mille personnes furent tuées par les forces serbes,”
Le Monde
, November 30, 2001.

134. There are many accounts of the horrors at Srebrenica. Of special note are David Rohde,
Endgame: The Betrayal and Fall of Srebrenica
(New York: Farrar, Strauss Giroux, 1997); Wayne Bert,
The Reluctant Superpower: United States Policy in
Bosnia, 1991–1995
(New York, St. Martin's Press, 1997); and James Gow,
Triumph of the Lack of Will: International Diplomacy and the Yugoslav War
(New York: Columbia University Press, 1997).

135. William Shawcross,
Deliver Us from Evil: Peacekeepers, Warlords, and a World of Endless Conflict
(New York: Simon & Schuster, 2000), 154.

136. Jeane J. Kirkpatrick, “A Man of Courage Leaves in Disgust,”
Washington Post,
August 14, 1995.

137. William Shawcross,
Deliver Us from Evil: Peacekeepers, Warlords and the World of Endless Conflicts
(New York: Simon & Schuster, 2000.

5. KOSOVO

1. Warren Zimmerman, “The Last Ambassador, A Memoir of the Collapse of Yugoslavia”
Foreign Affairs
74, no. 2 (March/April 1995): 3.

2. Alain Pellet, “The Opinion of the Badinter Arbitration Committee: A Second Breath for the Self-Determination of Peoples,”
European Journal of International Law
13, no. 1 (2002), http://www.ejil.org/journal/vol3/no1/art12html.

3. “Communiqué in the Yugoslav Crisis,” U.S. Department of State Dispatch, August 1, 1992.