Massacre (53 page)

27.
Rougerie,
Paris libre 1871
, p. 210; Jacques Rougerie,
Procès des Communards
(1978), p. 182; David Barry,
Women and Political Insurgency: France in the Mid-nineteenth Century
(Basingstoke, 1996), p. 122; Eichner,
Surmounting the Barricades
, pp. 138, 146–7; Kathleen Jones and Françoise Vergès, ‘“Aux citoyennes!”: Women, Politics, and the Paris Commune of 1871’,
History of European Ideas
13 (1991), p. 721.

28.
Eichner, ‘“We Must Shoot the Priests”’, pp. 265–7.

29.
Johnson,
The Paradise of Association
, pp. 208, 217; Rougerie,
Paris libre 1871
, pp. 229, 237, 246; Robert Tombs,
The Paris Commune 1871
(New York, 1999), pp. 121, 123.

30.
François Bournand,
Le clergé pendant la Commune
(1892), pp. 135–9; Maurice Choury,
Les damnés de la terre, 1871
(1970), pp. 81–2; Eichner,
Surmounting the Barricades
, p. 142.

31.
Maxime Vuillaume,
Mes Cahiers rouges au temps de la Commune
(1971), pp. 274–8.

32.
8J 4e conseil de guerre 131, dossier 688, report on Duval, femme Le Mel, 21 June 1872; commissaire de police Pédezert, 21 June 1871; commissaire de police, Notre-Dame-des-Champs, 22 July 1872; Quimper gendarmerie captain, 24 July 1872; gendarmerie, Brest, 21 and 29 July 1872; renseignements de police, 19 August 1872; commissaire de police Pédezert, 21 June 1871.

33.
Gay Gullickson,
Unruly Women of Paris: Images of the Commune
(Ithaca, NY, 1996), p. 109; Edwards, ed.,
The Communards
, pp. 105–8.

34.
George J. Becker, ed.,
Paris Under Siege, 1870–71: From the Goncourt Journal
(Ithaca, NY, 1969), p. 280.

35.
Marion, ‘La vie religieuse’, pp. 120–2; Rougerie,
Procès des Communards
, p. 201.

36.
Marion, ‘La vie religieuse’, p. 118; Rials (
Nouvelle histoire
, pp. 456–7) writes that in Paris some sort of pillaging occurred in thirty-one churches, ‘
profanation
’ in twelve, and vandalism in nineteen others; thirteen churches were definitively or temporarily closed during the Commune.

37.
Marion, ‘La vie religieuse’, pp. 79, 162–72. Baptisms fell from 3,513 in May 1870 to 823 the same month a year later.

38.
Ibid., pp. 43–5, 88–9, 224–38 (
Père Duchêne
1, 3 and 20 April).

39.
Rastoul,
L’Église de Paris
, pp. 341–51; Edward S. Mason,
The Paris Commune: An Episode in the History of the Socialist Movement
(1930), pp. 272–3.

40.
Archives de la Défense, Ly 140, 20 July 1871 (all subsequent Ly dossiers are from these archives in Vincennes).

41.
Denis Arthur Bingham,
Recollections of Paris
, vol. 2 (London, 1896), pp. 57–9.

42.
Marion, ‘La vie religieuse’, pp. 97–103.

43.
Vizetelly,
My Adventures
, pp. 121–3.

44.
Marion, ‘La vie religieuse’, pp. 104–5, 149–53.

45.
Foulon,
Histoire
, pp. 520–30; Price,
Archbishop Darboy
, pp. 213–22; Gautherot,
Thiers et Mgr Darboy
, pp. 9–14; Da Costa,
Mémoires d’un Communard
, pp. 157–8; Willette,
Raoul Rigault
, p. 129. Bonjean was well known for his support of Gallicans.

46.
Pierron,
Mgr Darboy
(1872), p. 73; Chauvin,
Mgr Darboy
, p. 133.

47.
Da Costa,
Mémoires d’un Communard
, p. 162; Willette,
Raoul Rigault
, p. 139.

48.
Foulon,
Histoire
, pp. 534–6.

49.
Chauvin,
Mgr Darboy
, pp. 133–40; Benjamin Flotte,
Blanqui et les otages en 1871
(1885), pp. 6–14; Gautherot,
Thiers et Mgr Darboy
, pp. 40–60, 104, 126–35; Jacques-Olivier Boudon,
Monseigneur Darboy (1813–1871)
, p. 146. Foulon,
Histoire
, pp. 536–44.

50.
Philip M. Katz,
From Appomattox to Montmartre: Americans and the Paris Commune
(Cambridge, MA, 1998), pp. 47–8.

51.
Gustave Cluseret (Général),
Mémoires du Général Cluseret
, vol. 2 (1887–88), pp. 213–15.

52.
Katz,
From Appomattox to Montmartre
, pp. 20–2, 40–43; Patrick H. Hutton,
The Cult of Revolutionary Tradition: The Blanquists in French Politics, 1864–1893
(Berkeley, CA, 1981), pp. 87–8.

53.
Gautherot,
Thiers et Mgr Darboy
, pp. 73–90, 123, 143, 150–66; Elihu Benjamin Washburne,
Account of the Sufferings and Death of the Most Reverend George Darboy, Late Archbishop of Paris
(New York, 1873), pp. 26–9, letters of 25 April and 2 May.

54.
Washburne,
Account of the Sufferings
, pp. 34–8; Chauvin,
Mgr Darboy
, p. 139; Foulon,
Histoire
, p. 626.

55.
Washburne,
Account of the Sufferings
, p. 40, Plou to Washburne, 11 May 1871; Elihu Benjamin Washburne,
Franco-German War and Insurrection of the Commune: Correspondence of E. B. Washburne (Washington, DC, 1878)
, 23 April. After being released, Justine went to join another brother in Nancy (Chauvin,
Mgr Darboy
, p. 141).

56.
Flotte,
Blanqui et les otages
, pp. 24–9.

57.
Ibid., pp. 24–8; Gautherot,
Thiers et Mgr Darboy
, pp. 44–6.

58.
Foulon,
Histoire
, pp. 546–55; Perny,
Deux mois de prison
, pp. 132–239.

59.
Foulon,
Histoire
, pp. 551–5.

5 The Battle Turns Against the Communards

1.
W. Gibson,
Paris During the Commune
(London, 1895), p. 164.

2.
Gay Gullickson,
Unruly Women of Paris: Images of the Commune
(Ithaca, NY, 1996), p. 75.

3.
Gibson,
Paris During the Commune
, pp. 166, 180, 193; John Leighton,
Paris Under the Commune
(London, 1871), p. 116; Wickham Hoffman:
Camp, Court, and Siege: A Narrative of Personal Adventure and Observation during Two Wars, 1861–1865, 1870–71
(New York, 1877), p. 264.

4.
Henri Rochefort,
The Adventures of My Life
(London, 1896), pp. 377–8; Pierre Vésinier,
History of the Commune of Paris
(1872), p. 231.

5.
Leighton,
Paris Under the Commune
, p. 84.

6.
Gullickson,
Unruly Women
, pp. 83–5.

7.
S. Froumov,
La Commune de Paris et la démocratisation de l’école
(Moscow, 1964), p. 222.

8.
Leighton,
Paris Under the Commune
, p. 171.

9.
Ernest Vizetelly,
My Adventures in the Paris Commune
(London, 1871) p. 111.

10.
John Murray, M.D., ‘Four Days in the Ambulances and Hospitals of Paris Under the Commune’,
British Medical Journal,
January–June 1871, 541–2, 621.

11.
Henri Ameline, ed.,
Enquête parlementaire sur l’insurrection du 18 mars
, vol. 3 (1872), pp. 23–4.

12.
Gullickson,
Unruly Women
, pp. 99–103.

13.
Ibid., pp. 96–8.

14.
Ibid., pp. 89–96.

15.
Edith Thomas,
Louise Michel
(1980), p. 83; Gérard Dittmar,
Belleville de l’Annexation à la Commune
(2007), p. 45.

16.
8J 6 dossier 135 Louise Michel, interrogation 19 Sepember 1871; Élie Reclus,
La Commune de Paris au jour le jour
(2011), pp. 298–9.

17.
Godelier (Colonel), ‘La guerre de 1870 et la Commune: journal d’un officier d’état-major’,
Nouvelle revue retrospective
16 (January–June 1902), p. 24; Dale Lothrop Clifford, ‘Aux armes citoyens!’ The National Guard in the Paris Commune of 1871’ (unpublished PhD dissertation, University of Tennessee, 1975), pp. 241–6; Leighton,
Paris Under the Commune
, p. 208; Stéphane Rials,
Nouvelle histoire de Paris de Trochu à Thiers 1870–1873
(1985), p. 266. See above all Robert Tombs,
The War Against Paris 1871
(Cambridge, 1981), Chapter 8.

18.
Alain Dalotel, ed.,
Émile Maury, Mes Souvenirs sur les événements des années 1870–1871
(2001), pp. 55–8.

19.
Reclus,
La Commune de Paris
, pp. 219–20; Philip Nord, ‘The Party of Conciliation and the Paris Commune’,
French Historical Studies
15:1 (1987), pp. 22–5; Laure Godineau,
La Commune de Paris par ceux qui l’ont vécue
(2010), pp. 169–75; Gullickson,
Unruly Women
, pp. 127–8.

20.
Jacques Silvestre de Sacy,
Le Maréchal de Mac-Mahon
(1960), p. 257.

21.
Georges Riat,
Gustave Courbet, peintre
(1906), p. 302; Stewart Edwards,
The Paris Commune 1891
(Newton Abbot, 1971), pp. 22–8; Stewart Edwards, ed.,
The Communards of Paris, 1871
, p. 98; Stéphane Rials,
Nouvelle histoire de Paris de Trochu à Thiers 1870–1873
(1985), pp. 368–9.

22.
8J conseil de guerre 3 dossier 571, Gustave Cluseret; Clifford, ‘Aux armes citoyens!’, pp. 106–7; Jacques Rougerie,
Procès des Communards
(1964), pp. 285, 301–2; Edwards,
The Paris Commune
, pp. 226–7; Marcel Cerf,
Les ‘Cahiers rouges’ de Maxime Vuillaume
(1988), pp. 7–8; Charles Prolès,
Le colonel Rossel
(1898), pp. 61–5, 81–93; Louis-Nathaniel Rossel,
Rossel’s Posthumous Papers
(London, 1872), pp. 98–9.

23.
Prolès,
Le colonel Rossel
, pp. 82–3; Ernest A. Vizetelly,
My Adventures in the Commune
(n.p., 2009 [1914]), p. 67; Rossel,
Rossel’s Posthumous Papers
, pp. 80–3, 95–115; Clifford, ‘Aux armes citoyens!’, p. 234; Gaston Da Costa,
Mémoires d’un Communard: la Commune vécue
(2009), pp. 213–28; Rials,
Nouvelle histoire de Paris
, pp. 329–30; Luc Willette,
Raoul Rigault, 25 ans, communard, chef de police
(1984), pp. 116–19.

24.
Edwards,
The Communards of Paris
, p. 162 and
The Paris Commune
, pp. 314–15; Jean-François Lecaillon,
La Commune de Paris racontée par les Parisiens
(2009), p. 95; Archibald Forbes, ‘What I Saw of the Commune’,
Century Illustrated Magazine
45: 1 (November 1892), p. 65.

25.
Tombs,
The War Against Paris
, pp. 137–8.

26.
Adolphe Hippolyte Clémence (known as Roussel),
De l’antagonisme social, ses causes et ses effets
(Neuchâtel, 1871), pp. 17–20; William Serman,
La Commune de Paris
(1986), p. 491.

27.
Alistair Horne,
The Fall of Paris: The Siege and the Commune 1870-71
(New York, 1965), pp. 407–9.

28.
Gérard Conte,
Éléments pour une histoire de la Commune dans le XIIIe arrondissement, 5 mars–25 mai 1871
(1981), pp. 75–88; Tombs,
The War Against Paris
, pp. 120–1, 129–33, 137; Elihu Benjamin Washburne,
Franco-German War and Insurrection of the Commune: Correspondence of E. B. Washburne (Washington, DC, 1878)
, dispatch of 11 May; Vizetelly,
My Adventures
, pp. 138, 142; Da Costa,
Mémoires d’un Communard
,
p. 240; Gaston Bouniols,
Thiers au pouvoir (1871–1873)
(1922), p. 63, letter of Thiers to duc de Broglie, 10 May; Maurice Choury,
Les damnés de la terre, 1871
(1970), p. 145.

29.
Clifford, ‘Aux armes citoyens!’, pp. 106–7; Rougerie,
Procès des Communards
, p. 294; Tombs,
The War Against Paris
, p. 142.

30.
Edwards,
The Paris Commune
, pp. 239–41.

31.
Rossel,
Rossel’s Posthumous Papers
, p. 162; Jules Bourelly (Général),
Le ministère de la guerre sous la Commune
(n.d), pp. 151–2, 157; Charles Prolès,
Les hommes de la révolution de 1871: Charles Delescluze 1830–1848–1871
(1898), pp. 101–2, 106–10.

32.
Godineau,
La Commune de Paris
, pp. 74–7; Edwards, ed.,
The Paris Commune
, pp. 93–4; Jacques Rougerie,
La Commune de 1871
(1988), p. 75; Eugène Varlin,
Pratique militante et écrits d’un ouvrier communard
, ed. Paule Lejeune, pp. 171–3; Cerf,
Les ‘Cahiers rouges‘
, pp. 8–9.

33.
J. Rocher, ed.,
Lettres de Communards et de militants de la Première Internationale à Marx, Engels et autres dans les journées de la Commune de Paris en 1871
(1934), Jenny to Doctor Kugelmann, 12 May 1871.

34.
Janine Bouissounouse and Louis Héron de Villefosse, ‘La presse parisienne pendant la Commune’,
Europe
(April–May 1951), p. 55; Gustave Gautherot,
Thiers et Mgr Darboy
(1910), pp. 111–13; Jacques Gadille, ‘Georges Darboy, archevêque de Paris’, in
Mélanges offerts à M. le doyen André Latreille
(Lyon, 1972), p. 195; Villiers du Terrage (Baron Marc de),
Histoire des clubs de femmes et des Légions d’Amazones 1793–1848–1871
(1910), p. 404; Rougerie,
Procès des Communards
, p. 194.