Massacre (57 page)

15.
René Héron de Villefosse,
Les graves heures de la Commune
(1970), pp. 256–7; Jean Bruhat, Jean Dautry and Émile Tersen,
La Commune de 1871
(1970), p. 283. The Ardennais poet Arthur Rimbaud, who sympathised with the
fédérés
, compared oppressed workers to oppressed colonial peoples (Kristin Ross,
The Emergence of the Social Space: Rimbaud and the Paris Commune
, Minneapolis, 1988, pp. 148–9).

16.
Charles de Montrevel,
Nouvelle histoire de la Commune de Paris en 1871
(1885), pp. 204, 208; Gustave de Molinari,
Les clubs rouges pendant le siège de Paris
(1871), pp. x–xxvi.

17.
Anonymous,
Réflexions sur les événements des dix derniers mois par un provincial habitant à Paris
(1871), pp. 19, 48–9.

18.
Jacques Silvestre de Sacy,
Le Maréchal de Mac-Mahon
(1960), pp. 260–61.

19.
Tombs,
The War Against Paris
, p. 186.

20.
Ibid., pp. 186–9.

21.
Edith Thomas,
Louise Michel
(1980), p. 94.

22.
Bruhat, Dautry and Tersen,
La Commune de 1871
, p. 283; Pelletan,
La semaine de mai
, pp. 39, 104; William Serman,
La Commune de Paris
(1986), p. 521; Tombs,
The War Against Paris 1871
, pp. 170–1.

23.
Pelletan,
La semaine de mai
, pp. vii, 2, 6–7, 17, 20–3, 32.

24.
Maurice Choury,
La Commune au Quartier latin
(1971), pp. 163–4; Pelletan,
La semaine de mai
, p. 191.

25.
Arthur Adamov,
La Commune de Paris 18 mars–28 mai 1871. Anthologie
(1959), pp. 223–4.

26.
Sutter-Laumann,
Histoire d’un trente sous
(1891), pp. 312–21; Tristan Rémy,
La Commune à Montmartre: 23 mai 1871
(1970), pp. 64, 86.

27.
Paul Perny (R.P.),
Deux mois de prison sous la Commune, suivi de détails authentiques sur l’assassinat de Mgr l’archevêque de Paris
(1871), p. 197.

28.
Pelletan,
La semaine de mai
, pp. 119–22.

29.
Tombs,
The War Against Paris
, pp. 183–5; Pelletan,
La semaine de mai
, pp. 340–1.

30.
Clémence (Adolphe Hippolyte
dit
Roussel),
De l’antagonisme social, ses causes et ses effets
(Neuchâtel, 1871), pp. 23–4.

31.
Tombs,
The War Against Paris
, pp. 178–82; Maurice Choury,
Les damnés de la terre, 1871
(1970), p. 151 (9 June); Serman,
La Commune de Paris
, p. 522.

32.
Lissagaray,
Les huit journées de mai
, p. 161.

33.
Serman,
La Commune de Paris
, p. 508.

34.
Édgar Monteil,
Souvenirs de la Commune, 1871
(1883), pp. 102–7; Charles des Cognets,
Les bretons et la Commune de Paris 1870–1871
(2012), p. 334; 8J 3e conseil de guerre 6 dossier 29/8 Théophile Ferré, 24 May; Pelletan,
La semaine de mai
, pp. 306–7; Stewart Edwards,
The Paris Commune 1871
, p. 337; Tombs,
The War Against Paris 1871
, p. 159.

35.
W. Pembroke Fetridge,
The Rise and Fall of the Paris Commune in 1871
(New York, 1871), p. 394.

36.
Reclus,
La Commune de Paris
, pp. 369–71; Éric Fournier,
Paris en ruines: du Paris haussmannien au Paris communard
(2008), pp. 92, 96.

37.
Fetridge,
The Rise and Fall of the Paris Commune
, pp. 445–7; Edwards,
The Paris Commune 1871
, p. 337.

38.
Cognets,
Les bretons et la Commune
, p. 351.

39.
Alain Dalotel,
Gabriel Ranvier, Le Christ de Belleville: Blanquiste, Franc-maçon, Communard et Maire du XXe arrondissement
(2005), p. 52; John Leighton,
Paris Under the Commune
(London, 1871), p. 227.

40.
Pierre Angrand, ‘Un épisode de la répression versaillais. L’affaire Tribels (mai 1871–october 1872)’,
La Pensée
, 68, July–August 1956, pp. 126–33. Tribels earned a living selling gold and gold objects and dealt in
des valeurs
and
des coupons de rente.
All the valuables had disappeared, undoubtedly into the hands of Vabre and other Versaillais. Madame Tribels later received an indemnity from the French government.

41.
George J. Becker, ed.,
Paris Under Siege, 1870–71: From the Goncourt Journal
(Ithaca, NY, 1969), pp. 305–8.

42.
Bergeret,
Le 18 mars
, pp. 15–16; Malon,
La troisième défaite
, p. 462.

43.
Martine,
Souvenirs
, p. 269; Edwards,
The Paris Commune 1871
, pp. 336–7.

44.
Blanchecotte,
Tablettes d’une femme
, pp. 249–50; Serman,
La Commune de Paris
, pp. 515–16; 8J 6e conseil dossier 189, Antoine Ramain.

45.
A6 Ly 137, Rapport sur l’affaire des nommés …’ 23 February 1872; ‘Assassinations de la rue Haxo, Pourvois en Cassation’, 29 April 1872; interrogation of Antoine Ramain, 7 February 1872; Fetridge,
The Rise and Fall of the Paris Commune
, p. 309.

46.
A6 Ly 137, dossier François, interrogation of 3 February 1872; A. Rastoul,
L’Église de Paris sous la Commune
(1871), pp. 220–32; Jacques Rougerie,
Procès des Communards
(1964), p. 54; Serman,
La Commune de Paris
, pp. 515–16. Those accused of involvement in the massacre of the prisoners on rue Haxo were workers, mostly from nearby
quartiers
. Six were condemned to death, whereas Ramain received fifteen years’ hard labour.

47.
Rastoul,
L’Église de Paris
, pp. 235–43; Horne,
The Fall of Paris
, p. 410. Rastoul relates, among other items, that Ferré came to La Roquette at about 3.00 p.m. and ordered the remaining prisoners who were serving time for criminal offences to be freed if they would agree to fight against the Versaillais (pp. 239–40).

48.
Rastoul,
L’Église de Paris
, pp. 243–56; Perny,
Deux mois de prison sous la Commune
, pp. 227–9; J.-O. Boudon,
Monseigneur Darboy (1813–1871)
(2011), p. 153; Robert Tombs, ‘Les Communeuses’,
Sociétés et Représentations
6 (June 1998), pp. 60–1.

49.
Fetridge,
The Rise and Fall of the Paris Commune
, pp. 437–41; Edwards,
The Paris Commune 1871
, p. 338; Tombs,
The War Against Paris 1871
, p. 159; Horne,
The Fall of Paris
, p. 411.

50.
Pelletan,
La semaine de mai
, pp. 320–7.

51.
Reclus,
La Commune de Paris
, pp. 370–1; Tombs,
The War Against Paris 1871
, pp. 165–6.

52.
Villefosse,
Les graves heures
, p. 253; Martine,
Souvenirs
, p. 288.

53.
Albert Hans,
Souvenirs d’un volontaire versaillais.
1873, pp. 160–5.

54.
Denis Arthur Bingham,
Recollections of Paris
, vol. 2 (London, 1896), p. 110.

55.
Archibald Forbes, ‘What I Saw of the Paris Commune’,
Century Illustrated Magazine
45: 1 (November 1892), p. 61.

56.
Pierre Vésinier,
History of the Commune of Paris
(1872), pp. 312, 325–8, 334. During the June Days, between 1,500 and 3,000 were killed and several hundred were summarily executed.

57.
Hans,
Souvenirs
, pp. 187–96.

58.
Edwards,
The Paris Commune 1871
, p. 338; Becker, ed.,
Paris Under Siege
, p. 313; Horne,
The Fall of Paris
, p. 412.

59.
Gérard Dittmar,
Belleville de l’Annexation à la Commune
(2007), p. 76; Hélène Haudebourg, ed., ‘Carnet de guerre d’un Vertarien en 1870 Julien Poirier’,
Regards sur Vertou au Fil des Temps
, 2003, no. 7 (2003), p. 18. Poirier remained in occupied Paris until September, then returned home to Vertou.

60.
Louise Michel,
La Commune, Histoire et Souvenirs
(1970), p. 59; Edwards,
The Paris Commune 1871
, p. 339; Robert Tombs, ‘La lutte finale des barricades: spontanéité
révolutionnaire et organisation militaire en mai 1871’, in
La Barricade
, ed. Alain Corbin and J.-M. Mayeur (1997), p. 364.

61.
Edwards,
The Paris Commune 1871
, pp. 338–9.

62.
Lissagaray,
Les huit journées de mai
, pp. 108–10, 129–36;
Les Martyrs de la Seconde Terreur ou Arrestation, Captivité et Martyre de Mgr Darboy, Archevêque de Paris de M. Deguerry
(1871), p. 197.

63.
Pelletan,
La semaine de mai
, pp. 276–82.

64.
Bergeret,
Le 18 mars
, p. 9; W. Gibson,
Paris during the Commune
(London, 1895), pp. 297, 308–9.

65.
Vuillaume,
Mes Cahiers rouges
, pp. 14–50, 308–17, 327–57.

66.
Reclus,
La Commune de Paris
, p. 379; Paul Reclus,
Les frères Élie et Élisée Reclus
(1964), p. 189; 8J 3e conseil de guerrre 82, dossier 2084. A military court-martial condemned Élie on 6 October 1875 to ‘deportation to the confines of a fortified enclosure’. Four years later the condemnation was reduced. Élisée was condemned to deportation on 15 September 1871 to deportation. Élie Reclus was arrested in 1894 at the time of the anarchist attacks in Paris.

67.
Paul Vignon,
Rien que ce que j’ai vu! Le siège de Paris – la Commune
(1913), p. 203.

10 Prisoners of Versailles

1.
Anonymous [Davy],
The Insurrection in Paris: Related by an Englishman
(1871), pp. 102–14.

2.
Ibid., pp. 123, 133, 141–3.

3.
Ibid., pp. 153–4.

4.
John Leighton,
Paris Under the Commune
(London, 1871), p. 266.

5.
Arthur de Grandeffe,
Mobiles et Volontaires de la Seine pendant la Guerre et les deux sieges
(1871), pp. 255, 274; Jean Bruhat, Jean Dautry and Émile Tersen,
La Commune de 1871
(1970), p. 283.

6.
George J. Becker, ed.,
Paris Under Siege, 1870–71: From the Goncourt Journal
(Ithaca, NY, 1969), pp. 306–11.

7.
Pierre de Lano (Marc-André Gromier),
La Commune, journal d’un vaincu
, p. 38; Prosper-Olivier Lissagaray,
Les huits journées de mai
(1871), pp. 122ff; Stewart Edwards,
The Paris Commune 1871
, p. 339.

8.
Lano,
La Commune
, pp. 39–55, 223; Éric Fournier,
La Commune n’est pas morte: Les usages politiques du presse de 1871 à nos jours
(2013), p. 56.

9.
Rupert Christiansen,
Paris Babylon
(New York, 1995), pp. 360–5.

10.
William Serman,
La Commune de Paris
(1986), p. 519.

11.
Christiansen,
Paris Babylon
, pp. 360–65.

12.
David Barry,
Women and Political Insurgency: France in the Mid-Nineteenth Century
(Basingstoke, 1996), p. 143.

13.
Léonce Dupont,
Souvenirs de Versailles pendant la Commune
(1881), pp. 93–5.

14.
Camille Pelletan,
La semaine de mai
(1880), pp. 265–68.

15.
Ibid., pp. 282, 288.

16.
Lissagaray,
Les huit journées de mai
, pp. 148–9.

17.
Paul Lidsky,
Les écrivains contre la Commune
(1970), p. 75; Robert Tombs, ‘How Bloody Was “La Semaine Sanglante” of 1871? A Revision’,
The Historical Journal
, 55, 3 (September 2012), p. 33.

18.
Gay Gullickson,
Unruly Women of Paris: Images of the Commune
(Itaca, NY, 1996), pp. 195–8; Léonce Dupont,
Souvenirs de Versailles pendant la Commune
, pp. 104–6.

19.
Louise Michel, Lowry Bullitt and Elizabeth Ellington Gunter,
The Red Virgin: Memoirs of Louise Michel
(Alabama, 1981), pp. 69–73.

20.
Susanna Barrows, ‘After the Commune: Alcoholism, Temperance, and Literature in the Early Third Republic’, in John M. Merriman, ed.,
Consciousness and Class Experience in Nineteenth-Century Europe
, ed. John Merriman (1979); and Susanna
Barrows,
Distorting Mirrors: Visions of the Crowd in Late Nineteenth-Century France
(New Haven, 1981); Kristin Ross,
The Emergence of the Social Space: Rimbaud and the Paris Commune
(Minneapolis, 1988), p. 148.

21.
On rue du Cherche-Midi, a drunken corporal allegedly gunned down a woman standing in front of her store, then a passing dog, then a seven-year-old child, and then another woman (Pelletan,
La semaine de mai
, pp. 123, 257–62).

22.
Sébastien Commissaire,
Mémoires et souvenirs
, vol. 2 (1888), p. 384; Lissagaray,
Les huit journées de mai
, p. 156; Robert Tombs,
The War Against Paris, 1871
(Cambridge, 1981), p. 166; Pelletan,
La semaine de mai
, pp. 102–3. In the end, there were 399,823 denunciations.