Modern China. A Very Short Introduction (22 page)

architecture and modern cities

17–20, 72–3, 75–7, 81, 88,

134–7

92, 122–3

art 125–7

consumer goods 86–7, 107,

109–11, 114, 134

corruption 4, 28, 41, 46, 83,

B

116–17

Beijing Olympics 2008 2, 93,

Cultural Revolution 60–4,

114, 136

79–80, 84, 89, 91, 93,

Boxer Uprising 25, 26, 27

118, 128, 136

Britain, economic growth in

culture 3, 5–6, 15, 30–1, 35,

104–5, 114

118–38

currency 4, 112

C

censorship 3, 87, 100, 127

D

Chen Hongmou 19–20

democracy and political

Chiang Kaishek 18, 37–50, 53–5,

participation 20, 26, 31,

73, 83, 92–3, 99, 107,

65, 91, 98–9

135

demonstrations 18–20, 26, 31,

Chinese Communist Party

67–8, 84–5
see also

(CCP) 36–41, 49–52,

Tian’anmen Square

56–60, 110
see also
Mao

protest

Zedong

Deng Xiaoping 12, 60, 64–5, 69,

architecture 135–6

99, 109

industrialization 58–60

diaspora 11, 100–1

Japan, war with 52–4, 84

Marxism 36–7, 58

modernity 15–16, 52, 56–64

E

Nationalist Party 37–42, 44–5,

48–55, 83

economy 27, 64–73, 99–117

rural areas 64–5

Europe 101–3

Soviet Union 37–9, 54, 57

freedom 87–8

Sun Yatsen 37

globalization 109–13

149

economy (
cont.
)

H

growth 2, 13, 15, 102–5, 109–17

Great Leap Forward 55, 57–60, 79,

health care 63, 87, 111

93, 108–9

‘heavenly goodness’
(tianliang)

Hong Kong 99–100

20

international market 106

hierarchy 12–15, 18, 19, 72–3,

Mao Zedong 107–9

77, 101

Nationalist Party 43

Hong Kong 10–11, 91, 99–100

origins of modern economy 101–3

United States 108

education 25, 67, 76–7, 85, 90,

I

92–3

imperialism

elites 13–14, 29–30, 48, 77, 82, 88

Japan 4, 15, 32, 34–6

energy 4, 104–5, 114, 116

West 4, 10, 14–15, 21, 27, 31–2, 36,

enlightenment 13–14

105–7, 135

environment 4, 103, 113–16

industrialization 43–6, 58–60,

equality 4, 13, 18, 70, 74, 75–81,

88, 101–5

85–6

inequality 4, 13, 18, 70, 74, 75–81,

Europe
see
West

85–6

examinations to enter Chinese

infl ation 102, 107, 110, 111

bureaucracy 13, 26–7, 29

intellectuals 64, 67

hina

expansion 82

Internet 3, 91

F

Modern C

J

famine 42–3, 48, 58–9, 79

feudalism 13, 17, 23

Japan

fi lm 3, 127–9, 137

anti-Japanese feeling 34–6, 84–5

foot binding 75–6, 78

fi lm 128

foreign investment 65, 70, 101,

imperialism 4, 15, 32, 34–6

109, 135

invasion 46–8, 50, 54, 83–4, 135

foreigners, presence expulsion of

Manchuria 50

22–3, 25–6, 30–4, 43, 55

Meiji Restoration 17, 24, 109

Four Modernizations 64, 110–11

reforms 24–6, 27

freedom 87–92, 100

Taiwan 23, 94–5

war with Japan 23, 46–8, 52–4, 79,

84, 94, 106–7

G

Germany, Shandong province

L

and 34–6

global role 2, 3–5, 10, 33–4, 71–2,

land reform 48–9, 56–8, 64, 98

102–3, 109–13, 137–8

language reform 119, 121

Google 3, 87

law 88–9, 116–17

Great Leap Forward 55, 57–60,

literature 6, 36, 118–27

79, 93, 108–9

Long March 44, 46, 49–50

150

Chinese Communist Party 42,

M

44–5, 48–55, 83

manufacturing 110–12

Civil War with Communists

Mao Zedong 1, 6, 11, 30, 36–40,

(1946–9) 48–50, 54–5, 83

49–64

economy 43

art and literature 125–7

industrialization 43, 44

Communist Party, attacks on 60–3

Japanese invasion 46–8, 50, 54,

Cultural Revolution 60–4, 79–80,

83–4, 135

84, 89, 91, 93, 118, 128, 136

Manchuria, Japanese invasion

economy 107–9

of 50

fi lm 128

modernity 15–16, 43–5, 52, 83

freedom, restrictions on 89–90

power, in 41–55

Great Leap Forward 55, 57–60, 79,

Sun Yatsen 31, 36–7, 41, 43

93, 108–9

Taiwan 96–7

personality cult 61–2

United Front with Communists

rectifi cation (
zhengfeng
) 52

40, 50

rural society 56

‘New Culture’ movement 35, 121

Soviet Union 55–6, 59–60, 84,

New Life Movement 44–5, 55,

107–8, 126, 138

92, 94

violence 49, 56–7, 62–3, 80, 84

Northern Expedition of 1926–8

Western infl uence, removal of 55

18, 37–9

Yan’an 50

Index

women 75, 77

Marx, Karl and Marxism 22–3,

O

36–7, 58

Olympics 2008 2, 93, 114, 136

May Fourth Movement 15, 34–6,

‘one-child policy’ 80–1

67–8, 121–5, 131–2

opening up 1, 5, 63–9, 80, 85–7,

meaning of ‘China’ 6–7, 10–11

90–1, 99, 106, 108, 112

Meiji Restoration 17, 24, 109

Opium Wars 17, 21, 82, 118

middle-class 26, 85–6, 91, 110,

overseas investment 4, 112–13

114, 116

migrant labour 3, 32, 86–7

‘modern’, meaning of 11–16, 25–6

P

peaceful development or

N

‘peaceful rise’ (
heping

Nanjing Massacre (Rape of

jueqi
) 2–3, 140

Nanking) 47–8, 84

Peking University 25, 36, 67–8

national or ethnic identity 6–7

personal cultivation (
xiushen
)

nationalism 17, 18, 72, 84–5

92–3

Nationalist
(Guomindang
or

political dissent 4, 89, 99

Kuomintang
) Party

population 2, 7, 21, 80–1, 104

41–5, 79, 92–3

poverty 4, 53–4, 70, 85–7, 102

agriculture 106–7

private property 110

architecture 135

progress, idea of 12–15

151

Q

Supergirl
television show 133–4

superstition, combating 41, 43–4

Qing dynasty 2, 5, 6, 8, 10, 15–30,

76–7, 82–3, 88–9, 94–5,

T

104–6, 119

Taiping Wars 22–3, 28, 81–2

R

Taiwan 10–11, 23, 84, 91, 94–7

taxation 27–9, 31, 33, 45–6

Rape of Nanking 47–8, 84

television 129–34

rectifi cation (

territory 6–7, 10

zhengfeng
) 52

Red Guard 60, 61–3, 89

Tian’anmen Square protest 29,

reform 1, 24–30, 64–9, 80, 83,

67–9, 89–91, 100, 130

85–7, 99, 108

trade 4, 15, 21–2, 102, 106–13, 117

religion 7–8, 13, 14, 22, 24, 91–2,

transparency 116–17

101

representative government

U

18–20

republic, crisis of 30–7

United Front between

River Elegy (
Heshang
) television
Communists and

programme 130–2

Nationalists 40, 50

rural areas 4, 45, 56, 58, 64–5,

United States 56–7, 63, 65, 71,

hina

70, 79, 80–1, 85–7, 93,

102, 108, 130

101–7

urban areas 4, 58, 60, 63–5, 79,

Modern C

Russia 10, 116
see also
Soviet
85–6, 93

Union

V

S

violence 38–9, 41, 49, 56–7, 62–3,

science and technology 15, 44–6,

80, 84

71, 110–11

Security Council of the UN 53–4,

W

71

Shanghai 32–3, 70, 109, 123, 128,

war 81–5

135–6

Boxer Uprising 25, 26

Sino-Japanese War 23, 46–8, 79,

civil wars 22–3, 28, 48–50, 54–5,

94, 106–7

81–3

Soviet Union 37–9, 54–7, 59–60,

Japan 23, 46–8, 52–4, 79, 84, 94,

68, 84, 107–8, 126, 138

106–7

see also
Russia

Sino-Japanese War 23, 79, 94,

Special Economic Zones (SEZs)

106–7

65, 109

Taiping Wars 22–3, 28, 81–2

state interference 88–9

World War I 31–2, 33–6

Sun Yatsen 18, 29–31, 36–8, 41,

warlordism and regionalism

43

31–5, 83, 122

152

water 44, 116

treaties 21–2, 53–4

West 5, 55, 88

Warring States, period of the 8, 81

Boxer Uprising 25, 26, 27

World War I 31–2, 33–6

economy 101–3

women 25, 58, 75–81, 123–4

foreigners, presence or expulsion of

World Trade Organization

25–6, 30–4, 43, 55

(WTO) 112, 117

imperialism 4, 10, 14–15, 21, 27,

World War I 31–2, 33–6

31–2, 36, 105–7, 135

writers 36, 118–27

law, infl uence of Western law 88–9

modernity 18–19

X

Opium Wars 17, 21, 82, 118

progress, idea of 12–13

Xinzheng (new governance)

trade 21–2

reforms 27–9

Index

153