Muslim Fortresses in the Levant: Between Crusaders and Mongols (146 page)

121 Dimashqī,
Kitāb Nukhbah
, 210.

122 Duffy, C.,
Fire and Stone: The Science of Fortress Warfare 1660–1860
(London and Vancouver, 1975), 36.

123 Ibn Shaddād,
Ta’rīkh
, 353.

124 Dimashqī,
Kitāb Nukhbah
, 210.

125 Ibn
, 287; Ibn al-Furāt,
Ta’rīkh
(Lyons), vol. 2, 105; Ibn al-Furāt appears to be quoting Ibn
.

126 Pringle has suggested that the tower was originally built by the Franks. Pringle, “Safad,” 148.

127 Ibn Shaddād,
Ta’rīkh
, 353.

128 Ibn
, 285–287; Maqrīzī,
Sulūk,
vol. 1, pt. 2, 563.

129 The Qur’ān, Sura 21:105. Text, translation and commentary by Abdullah Yusuf Ali (Cambridge, MA, 1946), vol. 2

130 Qur’ān, Sura, 58:22.

131 Ibn
, 285–287. I would like to thank Dr Miriam Goldstein from Bar Ilan University for her help in translating.

132 Blair, S. S., “Decoration of city walls in the medieval Islamic world: the epigraphic message,” in
City Walls; The Urban Enceinte in Global Perspectiv
, ed. J. D. Tracy (Cambridge, 2000), 488–529, see especially 503, 525.

133 Ibn
,
Tashrīf
, 80.

134 Ibn
163.

135 Thee seems to be some confusion concerning the mosque.
says that it was newly built while Ibn
and Ibn al-Furāt say the church was turned into a mosque. Ibn al-Furāt,
Ta’rīkh
(Lyons), vol. 2, 101; Ibn
, 275;
,
Wafayāt
, vol. 10, 341; Ibn Shaddād,
Ta’rīkh
, 352; al-Maqrīzī,
, vol. 4, 248. Cytryn-Silverman, K.
The oad Inns (Khans) of Bilad al-Sham during the Mamluk Period (1260–1516): An Architectural and Historical Study
, PhD diss.; The ebrew University of Jerusalem, 2004, unpublished
, Gazetteer
, 171–4. The site is mentioned y two other chroniclers, though they refer to the Frankish attack and do not add to our knowledge of the fortress, Baybars
, 73; Yūnīnī,
Dhayl
, vol. 2, 467–8.