New York at War (57 page)

11
Thomas J. Archdeacon,
New York City, 1664–1710: Conquest and Change
(Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1976), 107–121; Robert C. Ritchie,
The Duke’s Province: A Study of New York Politics and Society, 1664–1691
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1977), 198–231; David William Voorhees, “The ‘Fervent Zeale’ of Jacob Leisler,”
William and Mary Quarterly
, 3rd ser., 51, no. 3 (July 1994): 447–472; Randall Balmer, “Traitors and Papists: The Religious Dimensions of Leisler’s Rebellion,”
New York History
(October 1989): 341–372.

12
Kammen,
Colonial New York,
113–117; Allen W. Trelease,
Indian Affairs in Colonial New York: The Seventeenth Century
(Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1960), 228–253, 332–336, 340–348.

13
Francis Parkman,
France and England in North America: A Series of Historical Narratives, Part Fifth
, 4th ed. (Boston: Little, Brown, 1877), 187–191; Trelease,
Indian Affairs
, 296–301.

14
Stokes,
Iconography
, 4:639, 666–667, 671.

15
Ibid., 4:451, 702.

16
Carl E. Swanson,
Predators and Prizes: American Privateering and Imperial Warfare, 1739–1748
(Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1991), 14, 51; Lydon,
Pirates, Privateers
, 217–218.

17
Stokes,
Iconography
, 4:424–425, 637; Paul A. Gilje,
The Road to Mobocracy: Popular Disorder in New York City, 1763–1834
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1987), 25–30; Jill Lepore,
New York Burning: Liberty, Slavery, and Conspiracy in Eighteenth-Century Manhattan
(New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2005), 182–183.

18
Stokes,
Iconography
, 4:450, 625; Carl Bridenbaugh, editor,
Gentleman’s Progress: The Itinerarium of Dr. Alexander Hamilton, 1744
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1948), 50.

19
Pargellis, “Four Independent Companies,” 96, 100–123.

20
Leder, “ ‘Dam’me . . . ,’” 261–283.

21
Stokes,
Iconography
4:429, 674; Ritchie,
Captain Kidd
, 69, 159.

22
Stokes,
Iconography
4:572.

23
Ibid., 4:444, 445, 456, 684.

24
Ibid., 4:472, 568–569, 572, 590–591, 664–665, 667, 669, 685–686, 692.

25
Ibid., 4:683.

26
Ibid., 4:594, 596, 599, 689, 694, 706, 708, 721; Lydon,
Pirates, Privateers
, 147–148, 226; Gary B. Nash,
The Urban Crucible: Social Change, Political Consciousness, and the Origins of the American Revolution
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1979), 467 n66; Bridenbaugh,
Gentleman’s Progress
, 46.

27
Nash,
Urban Crucible
, 177, 235–236, 257; Matson,
Merchants
, 156, 157–158, 266–270.

28
Thomas M. Truxes,
Defying Empire: Trading with the Enemy in Colonial New York
(New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2008), 37–48, 50, 145; Matson,
Merchants
, 277, 279–280; Stokes,
Iconography
, 4:475, 583, 586, 589, 609, 673, 690; Lydon,
Pirates, Privateers
, 103–105, 119–121.

29
Truxes,
Defying Empire
, 87–104, 149–151.

30
Lydon,
Pirates, Privateers
, 147–148; Nash,
Urban Crucible
, 236–239; Matson,
Merchants
, 158, 219–220, 232, 273–274; Swanson,
Predators and Prizes
, 106, 187; Stokes,
Iconography
, 4:456, 471, 472, 564, 565, 580, 597, 668, 671, 680, 694, 697, 706.

31
“Muster Rolls of the New York Provincial Troops,”
Collections of the New-York Historical Society, 1881
(New York, 1882), 162–167, 170–175, 206–213, 292–309, 374–379.

32
Lydon,
Pirates, Privateers,
35, 153, 221, 233, 274–279; Swanson,
Predators and Prizes
, 76, 77, 89, 93, 95, 120, 124, 216; Stokes,
Iconography
, 4:576, 697; Stuyvesant Fish,
The New York Privateers, 1756–1763
(New York: George Grady Press, 1945), 12–15.

33
Lydon,
Pirates, Privateers
, 131–132, 173, 178.

34
Ibid., 151–152, 171; Stokes,
Iconography
, 4:583; James G. Lydon, “The Great Capture of 1744,”
New-York Historical Society Quarterly
52, no. 3 (July 1968): 255–269.

35
Swanson,
Predators and Prizes
, 15, 40–41, 47; Lydon,
Pirates, Privateers
, 110–125.

36
Swanson,
Predators and Prizes
, 59; Lydon,
Pirates, Privateers
, 87–88, 103, 113–114, 200; Lepore,
New York Burning
, 161.

37
Lepore,
New York Burning
, 49–50, 78–79; Serena R. Zabin, editor,
The New York Conspiracy Trials of 1741: Daniel Horsmanden’s Journal of the Proceedings with Related Documents
(Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s Press, 2004), 56–57, 99.

38
Lepore,
New York Burning
, xi; Zabin,
Conspiracy Trials
, 16; Kenneth Scott, “The Slave Insurrection in New York in 1712,”
New-York Historical Society Quarterly
45, no. 1 (January 1961): 43–74.

39
Lepore,
New York Burning
, xvi; Zabin,
Conspiracy Trials
, 45, 60, 85, 91–92, 112, 117.

40
Lepore,
New York Burning
, 126, 176–178; Zabin,
Conspiracy Trials
, 159, 174.

41
Edwin G. Burrows and Mike Wallace,
Gotham: A History of New York City to 1898
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999), 163–165; Peter Linebaugh and Marcus Rediker,
The Many-Headed Hydra: Sailors, Slaves, Commoners, and the Hidden History of the Revolutionary Atlantic
(Boston: Beacon Press, 2000), 174–210; Zabin,
Conspiracy Trials
, 46.

42
Nash,
Urban Crucible
, 236, 248; Pargellis, “Four Independent Companies,” 121.

43
Nash,
Urban Crucible
, 248.

44
Matson,
Merchants & Empire,
83; Lydon,
Pirates, Privateers,
18, 193–195; Pauline Maier,
The Old Revolutionaries: Political Lives in the Age of Samuel Adams
(New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1980), 59–61; “George Clinton’s Cruise on the Privateer
Defiance
,”
New York History
16, no. 1 (January 1935): 89–95.

Chapter 4

1
Isaac Newton Phelps Stokes,
The Iconography of Manhattan Island
(New York: R. H. Dodd, 1915–1928), 4:916, 919, 923–924; Barnet Schecter,
The Battle for New York: The City at the Heart of the American Revolution
(New York: Penguin Books, 2002), 84.

2
Schecter,
Battle for New York
, 59–60.

3
Stokes,
Iconography
, 4:928; David McCullough,
1776
(New York: Simon & Schuster, 2005), 125; John J. Gallagher,
The Battle of Brooklyn, 1776
(Edison, NJ: Castle Books, 1995), 69; Thomas Jefferson Wertenbaker,
Father Knickerbocker Rebels: New York City During the Revolution
(New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1948), 79.

4
Bayrd Still,
Mirror for Gotham: New York as Seen by Contemporaries from Dutch Days to the Present
(1956; repr., New York: Fordham University Press, 1994), 16; Richard M. Ketchum,
Divided Loyalties: How the American Revolution Came to New York
(New York: Henry Holt, 2002), 278.

5
Ketchum,
Divided Loyalties
, 208, 240–241.

6
Pauline Maier,
The Old Revolutionaries: Political Lives in the Age of Samuel Adams
(New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1980), 59–60, 63–73, 74–76, 80, 91–92, 99–100; Peter Linebaugh and Marcus Rediker,
The Many-Headed Hydra: Sailors, Slaves, Commoners, and the Hidden History of the Revolutionary Atlantic
(Boston: Beacon Press, 2000), 40–42, 48; Ketchum,
Divided Loyalties
, 218–220.

7
Stokes,
Iconography
, 4:854, 882; Ketchum,
Divided Loyalties
, 266–267, 276.

8
Ketchum,
Divided Loyalties
, 150; Stokes,
Iconography
, 4:866.

9
Wertenbaker,
Father Knickerbocker
, 57; Ketchum,
Divided Loyalties
,
3
53–354; Bruce Bliven Jr.,
Under the Guns: New York: 1775–1776
(New York: Harper & Row, 1972), 35–39; Schecter,
Battle for New York
, 63–64.

10
Maier,
Old Revolutionaries
, 89; Wertenbaker,
Father Knickerbocker
, 55, 80–81; Stokes,
Iconography
, 4:901; Alexander Rose,
Washington’s Spies: The Story of America’s First Spy Ring
(New York: Bantam Books, 2006), 256; Ketchum,
Divided Loyalties
, 342–343.

11
Bliven,
Under the Guns
, 185–186, 281.

12
Schecter,
Battle for New York
, 96–97; Bliven,
Under the Guns
, 301–312, 315–316.

13
Gallagher,
Battle of Brooklyn
, 50, 53; McCullough,
1776
, 210.

14
McCullough,
1776
, 193.

15
Schecter,
Battle for New York
, 96, 99; Bliven,
Under the Guns
, 319; Gallagher,
Battle of Brooklyn
, 66–67; Stokes,
Iconography
, 4:935; Ketchum,
Divided Loyalties
, 336.

16
Rose,
Washington’s Spies
, 11; Stokes,
Iconography
, 5:992.

17
Stokes,
Iconography
, 4:937.

18
Gallagher,
Battle of Brooklyn
, 93–94.

19
Edwin G. Burrows, “Kings County,” in
The Other New York: The American Revolution Beyond New York City, 1763–1787
, ed. Joseph S. Tiedemann and Eugene R. Fingerhut (Albany: State University of New York Press, 2005), 27; Schecter,
Battle for New York
, 131.

20
Schecter,
Battle for New York
, 123.

21
Ibid., 136–137.

22
Gallagher,
Battle of Brooklyn
, 107.

23
The Red Lion Tavern was located at the approximate site of Thirty-Ninth Street and Fifth Avenue in Brooklyn. Ibid., 102; Schecter,
Battle for New York
, 141.

24
Joseph Plumb Martin,
A Narrative of a Revolutionary Soldier
(New York: Signet Classic, 2001), 22.

25
McCullough,
1776
, 173–174.

26
Burrows, “Kings County,” 24–30.

27
Gallagher,
Battle of Brooklyn
, 127.

28
Ibid., 54, 131–132; Martin,
Narrative
, 24; McCullough,
1776
, 177.

29
Gallagher,
Battle of Brooklyn
, 113, 135–136.

30
Martin,
Narrative
, 26–27.

31
Schecter,
Battle for New York
, 156–157; McCullough,
1776
, 120; Gallagher,
Battle of Brooklyn
, 147–148.

32
Gallagher,
Battle of Brooklyn
, 149, 152–153.

33
Schecter,
Battle for New York
, 149, 166, 175–177; Wertenbaker,
Father Knickerbocker
, 94.

34
Martin,
Narrative
, 30–31.

35
Schecter,
Battle for New York
, 185–186.

36
Ibid., 197–198; Stokes,
Iconography
, 5:1025.

37
Stokes,
Iconography
, 5:1017; Gallagher,
Battle of Brooklyn
, 163.

38
Stokes,
Iconography
, 5:1020–1024; Wertenbaker,
Father Knickerbocker
, 98–102.

39
Wertenbaker,
Father Knickerbocker
, 102; Stokes,
Iconography
, 5:1169.

40
Wertenbaker,
Father Knickerbocker
, 98–99; McCullough,
1776
, 223.

41
Schecter,
Battle for New York
, 254; Edwin G. Burrows,
Forgotten Patriots: The Untold Story of American Prisoners During the Revolutionary War
(New York: Basic Books, 2008), 44–46.

42
McCullough,
1776
, 179; Wertenbaker,
Father Knickerbocker
, 97, 113.

43
McCullough,
1776
, 283.

44
Stokes,
Iconography
, 5:1075;Wertenbaker,
Father Knickerbocker
, 104.

45
Wertenbaker,
Father Knickerbocker
, 209; Stokes,
Iconography
, 5:1047, 1081, 1083; Rose,
Washington’s Spies,
103–104.

46
Stokes,
Iconography
, 5:1027, 1058, 1083, 1096, 1123, 1143; Jacob Judd, “Westchester County,” in Tiedemann and Fingerhut, eds.,
The Other New York
, 119.

47
Schecter,
Battle for New York
, 113–114; Cassandra Pybus,
Epic Journeys of Freedom: Runaway Slaves of the American Revolution and Their Global Quest for Liberty
(Boston: Beacon Press, 2006), 24–27; Graham Russell Hodges,
Root & Branch: African Americans in New York & East Jersey, 1613–1863
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1999), 139–140, 144–151.