New York at War (61 page)

15
“La Guardia Scores Nazi Racial Bias,”
New York Times
, January 20, 1935, 31; Kessner,
La Guardia
, 400–403.

16
Kessner,
La Guardia
, 403, Heckscher,
When LaGuardia
, 163; William Manners,
Patience and Fortitude: Fiorello La Guardia
(New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1976), 245.

17
Heckscher,
When LaGuardia
, 163–164.

18
Diamond,
Nazi Movement
, 324–329; Cohen and DeNevi,
They Came
, 9–10.

19
Diamond,
Nazi Movement
, 324–329; “Mayor to Permit Big Bund Meeting,”
New York Times
, February 18, 1939, 30; “22,000 Nazis Hold Rally in Garden; Police Check Foes,”
New York Times
, February 21, 1939, 1; “Bund Foes Protest Policing of Rally,”
New York Times
, February 22, 1939, 6; “New York: Nazi Garden Party,”
New York Times
, February 26, 1939, 66.

20
Bayor,
Neighbors
, 24–29, 93; Wallace, “New York and the World,” 28–9; Patrick J. McNamara, “Pro-Franco Sentiment and Activity in New York City,” in Carroll and Fernandez, eds.,
Facing Fascism
, 95–100.

21
Bayor,
Neighbors
, 88–90, 92–93, 105–107.

22
Ibid., 94–96, 97–104, 155–156, 160–163; Diamond,
Nazi Movement
, 319; Stephen H. Norwood, “Marauding Youth and the Christian Front: Antisemitic Violence in Boston and New York During World War II,”
American Jewish History
91, no. 2 (June 2003): 241–242.

23
Bayor,
Neighbors
, 102–103, 113.

24
Ibid., 36, 78–79; Kessner,
La Guardia
, 136; John P. Diggins,
Mussolini and Fascism: The View from America
(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1972), 32, 79; Wallace, “New York and the World,” 23–24, 26–27.

25
Diggins,
Mussolini and Fascism
, 43; Kessner,
La Guardia
, 136.

26
Diggins,
Mussolini and Fascism
, 125–138; Nunzio Pernicone, “Italian Immigrant Radicalism in New York,” in
The Italians of New York: Five Centuries of Struggle and Achievement
, ed. Philip V. Cannistraro (New York: The New-York Historical Society, 1999), 85–88; “100 Police Break Up Anti-Fascist Riot,”
New York Times
, July 5, 1932, 1; “In Court as Slayer in Anti-Fascist Riot,”
New York Times
, July 6, 1932, 42; “Envoy at Service for Slain Fascist,”
New York Times
, July 8, 1932, 36.

27
Diggins,
Mussolini and Fascism
, 306–308; “Harlem Ponders Ethiopia’s Fate,”
New York Times
, July 14, 1935, E10.

28
“Italians Execute Many in Ethiopia; Oust 4 Journalists,”
New York Times
, May 18, 1936, 1; “Plans Take Form to Rule Ethiopia,”
New York Times
, May 18, 1936, 11; “Mob of 400 Battles the Police in Harlem; Italian Stores Raided, Man Shot in Crowd,”
New York Times
, May 19, 1936, 6; Diggins,
Mussolini and Fascism
, 306–307.

29
Diggins,
Mussolini and Fascism
, 306; Jervis Anderson,
This Was Harlem: A Cultural Portrait, 1900–1950
(New York: Farrar Straus Giroux, 1982), 286–88; Langston Hughes,
The Collected Works of Langston Hughes
(Columbia, MO: University of Missouri Press, 2003), 14:307–308; Richard Wright, “High Tide in Harlem: Joe Louis as a Symbol of Freedom,” in
The Unlevel Playing Field: A Documentary History of the African American Experience in Sports
, ed. David K. Wiggins and Patrick B. Miller (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2003), 172.

30
Peter Kwong,
Chinatown, N.Y.: Labor and Politics, 1930–1950
, rev. ed. (New York: New Press, 1979), 38, 47, 52, 77, 97–107.

31
Ibid., 112, 130; Wallace, “New York and the World,” 27–28.

32
Studs Terkel,
“The Good War”: An Oral History of World War Two
(New York: Ballantine Books, 1985), 96–98; Peter N. Carroll,
The Odyssey of the Abraham Lincoln Brigade: Americans in the Spanish Civil War
(Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1994), 51–53.

33
Letter from Volunteer Hyman Katz to his mother, November 5, 1937, in Carroll and Fernandez, eds.,
Facing Fascism
, 24–25.

34
Eric R. Smith, “New York’s Aid to the Spanish Republic,” in Carroll and Fernandez, eds.,
Facing Fascism
, 43.

35
Maurice Isserman,
Which Side Were You On? The American Communist Party During the Second World War
(Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1993), 35; James P. Duffy,
Target: America: Hitler’s Plan to Attack the United States
(Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers, 2004), 15; Hyman Katz to his mother, in Carroll and Fernandez, eds.
Facing Fascism
, 25.

36
Manfred Griehl,
Luftwaffe Over America: The Secret Plans to Bomb the United States in World War II
(London: Greenhill Books, 2004), 20–21, 28–29, 35; Duffy,
Target: America
, 46–47.

37
Griehl,
Luftwaffe
, 33–34, 37; Major Gerhard Engel,
At the Heart of the Reich: The Secret Diary of Hitler’s Army Adjutant
(London: Greenhill Books, 2005), 107.

38
Barry Rubin and Judith Colp Rubin,
Hating America: A History
(New York: Oxford University Press, 2004), 95–98; H. Paul Jeffers,
The Napoleon of New York: Mayor Fiorello La Guardia
(New York: John Wiley & Sons, 2002), 278.

39
Rubin and Rubin,
Hating America
, 97–98; Ketchum,
Borrowed Years
, 179; Griehl,
Luftwaffe
, 34; Albert Speer,
Inside the Third Reich
(New York: Macmillan, 1970), 540.

40
Cohen and DeNevi,
They Came
, 21–23, 28; Ladislas Farago,
The Game of the Foxes
(New York: David McKay, 1971), 25–27, 39, 45, 47, 54, 496–500, 506.

41
Farago,
Foxes
, 63–64, 71–73, 532–533, 575.

42
Cohen and DeNevi,
They Came
, vi–vii, 22–23; ibid., 373–377, 533–541; “U.S. Bomb Site Sold to Germany, Spy Jury Is Told,”
New York Times
, September 9, 1941, 1.

43
Otto D. Tolischus, “Nipponese Face War They Thought Impossible,”
New York Times
, December 7, 1941, E3; “On the Radio This Week,”
New York Times
, December 7, 1941, X15; Ketchum,
Borrowed Years
, 776–778.

44
Heckscher,
When LaGuardia
, 313–314; Jeffers,
Napoleon of New York
, 311–312; Kessner,
La Guardia
, 501–502; Ketchum,
Borrowed Years
, 777–778; “Entire City Put on War Footing,”
New York Times
, December 8, 1941, 1; “Planes Guard City from Air Attacks,”
New York Times
, December 9, 1941, 1; Lorraine B. Diehl,
Over Here! New York City During World War II
(New York: HarperCollins, 2010), 63–64. Consul General Morishima was allowed to return home to Japan and soon was reassigned as Japan’s minister in the embassy to the Soviet Union.

45
Michael Gammon,
Operation Drumbeat: The Dramatic True Story of Germany’s First U-Boat Attacks Along the American Coast in World War II
(New York: Harper & Row, 1990), xv–xvii.

46
Ibid., 208–213, 216–223, 225. For a useful summary of U-123’s voyage and “kills,” see the website
www.uboat.net
.

47
Ibid., 137–138; Andrew Williams,
The Battle of the Atlantic
(London: BBC Worldwide, 2002), 166.

48
Gammon,
Drumbeat
, 19–21.

49
Ibid., 224–225, 230–232; Williams,
Battle
, 166–167.

50
Williams,
Battle
, 176.

51
Ibid., 166–167.

52
“Ship Found Awash,”
New York Times
, January 15, 1942, 1.

53
Gammon,
Drumbeat
, 84–92.

54
Ibid., 181–185; Polaski and Williford,
Harbor Defenses
, 109.

55
Williams,
Battle
, 174–175; Gammon,
Drumbeat
, 352–355.

56
John McPhee,
Looking for a Ship
(New York: Farrar Straus Giroux, 1990), 155; Gammon,
Drumbeat
, 271, 344; Arnold S. Lott,
Most Dangerous Sea: A History of Mine Warfare, and an Account of U. S. Navy Mine Warfare Operations in World War II and Korea
(Annapolis: US Naval Institute, 1959), 48–49.

57
Gammon,
Drumbeat
, xviii, 388–389.

58
Ibid., 231.

59
W.A. Haskell,
Shadows on the Horizon: The Battle of Convoy HX-233
(London: Chatham Publishing, 1998), 22, 25.

60
Joseph F. Meany Jr., “New York: Sally Port to Victory,”
Sea History
65 (Spring 1993): 13; Joseph F. Meany Jr., “Port in a Storm: The Port of New York in World War II,” in
To Die Gallantly: The Battle of the Atlantic
, ed. Timothy J. Runyan and Jan M. Copes (Boulder: Westview Press, 1994), 284, 289.

61
Meany, “Sally Port,” 14; Roy Hoopes,
Americans Remember the Home Front: An Oral Narrative
(New York: Berkley Books, 2002), 160–161.

62
Moray Epstein,
Ports in a Storm: The Voyage of a Merchant Seaman Through World War II
(San Diego: Moray Epstein, 1995), 56.

63
George Sandiford in
Eyewitness Accounts of the World War II Murmansk Run
, ed. Mark Scott (Lewiston, NY: Edwin Mellen Press, 2006), 71.

64
Sam Hakam in Scott,
Eyewitness Accounts
, 39, 41; Epstein,
Ports
, 96.

65
Gammon,
Drumbeat
, xx; Meany, “New York: Sally Port to Victory,” 15. For wartime casualty rates, see
www.usmm.org/casualty.html
.

66
Meany, “Sally Port,” 14; Meany, “Port in a Storm,” 289–290; William H. Miller and David F. Hutchings,
Transatlantic Liners at War: The Story of the Queens
(New York: Arco, 1985), 76, 82; Richard Goldstein,
Helluva Town: The Story of New York City During World War II
(New York: Free Press, 2010), 56. San Francisco, the second busiest of the nation’s nine wartime embarkation ports, sent abroad only a bit more than half the number of troops dispatched by New York.

67
Gammon,
Drumbeat
, 274; Joseph F. Meany Jr., “Port in a Storm: The Port of New York in World War II,” typescript, South Street Seaport Museum Library, 62–63.

68
Meany, “Sally Port,” 16; “Division of Work for Defense Urged,”
New York Times
, August 15, 1941, 10; Geoffrey Rossano, “Suburbia Armed: Nassau County Development and the Rise of the Aerospace Industry, 1909–60,” in
The Martial Metropolis: U.S. Cities in War and Peace
, ed. Roger W. Lotchin (New York: Praeger Publishers, 1984), 73; “Knudsen Pledges 30 Billion Output,”
New York Times
, August 14, 1941, 1; Karl Drew Hartzell,
The Empire State at War: World War II
(Albany: The State of New York, 1949), 54–55; Dominic J. Capeci Jr.,
The Harlem Riot of 1943
(Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1977), 61–63.

69
Ellen Snyder-Grenier,
Brooklyn! An Illustrated History
(Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1996), 134–135; Debra E. Bernhardt and Rachel Bernstein,
Ordinary People, Extraordinary Lives: A Pictorial History of Working People in New York City
(New York: New York University Press, 2000), 60.

70
Snyder-Grenier,
Brooklyn!
, 119, 126–127, 132–133; Thomas F. Berner,
The Brooklyn Navy Yard
(Charleston, SC: Arcadia Publishing, 1999), 83; Meany, “Sally Port,” 16; Lucille Kolkin, remarks at Veteran’s Day event, South Street Seaport Museum, November 1993, transcript, Seaport Museum.

71
Edward Robb Ellis,
The Epic of New York City
(New York: Coward-McCann, 1966), 561–564.

72
Ric Burns and James Sanders, with Lisa Ades,
New York: An Illustrated History
(New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1999), 471; Ronald H. Bailey and the Editors of Time-Life Books,
Home Front: U.S.A.
(Alexandria, VA: Time-Life Books, 1978), 168–179; Scott DeVeaux,
The Birth of Bebop: A Social and Musical History
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997), 284–290, 291, 367.

73
“Drastic Dimout of All City Lights Effective Tonight,”
New York Times
, May 18, 1942, 1; “Dimout Gives Way to New ‘Brownout,’ Effective Monday,”
New York Times
, October 28, 1943, 1.

74
Meany, “Port in a Storm,” 294; George Goldman, remarks at Veteran’s Day event, South Street Seaport Museum, November 1993, transcript, Seaport Museum.

75
Jan Morris,
Manhattan ’45
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1987), 37; Charles Kaiser,
The Gay Metropolis: 1940–1996
(Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1997), 13, 19, 51, 64.

76
Kaiser,
Gay Metropolis
, 39.

77
Ellis,
Epic
, 564; Ida Pollack, remarks at Veteran’s Day event, South Street Seaport Museum, November 1993, transcript, Seaport Museum.

78
Hoopes,
Americans Remember
, 178, 276–277.

79
Ibid., 276–277; author’s interview with Norman Worth, January 7, 2007.