New York at War (60 page)

29
William Frieburger, “War Prosperity and Hunger: The New York Food Riots of 1917,”
Labor History
25, no. 2 (Spring 1984): 217–239; Dana Frank, “Housewives, Socialists, and the Politics of Food: The 1917 New York Cost-of-Living Protests,”
Feminist Studies
11, no. 2 (Summer 1985): 255–285.

30
Witcover,
Sabotage
, 11–14, 19–20; Millman,
Detonators
, 91–94, 296; “Barge Cargoes Blow Up,”
New York Times
, July 30, 1916, 1; “Ellis Island Like War-Swept Town; Damage Estimated at $75,000,”
New York Times
, July 31, 1916, 1.

31
“Millions of Persons Heard and Felt Shock,”
New York Times
, July 31, 1916, 2; Witcover,
Sabotage
, 20–22; Millman,
Detonators
, 94–96.

32
Witcover,
Sabotage
, 56, 58–59; O’Connor,
German-Americans
, 400.

33
Witcover,
Sabotage
, 62–63, 68–69,120–121; Herwig,
Politics
, 153–155; Luebke,
Bonds
, 138–140; Millman,
Detonators
, 32.

34
Witcover,
Sabotage
, 116–117, 126–127, 136–137, 270; O’Connor,
German-Americans
, 402–403; Luebke,
Bonds
,126, 128.

35
Witcover,
Sabotage
, 88–99.

36
Witcover,
Sabotage
, 23; Millman,
Detonators
, 97; “Railroad Heads to Be Arrested for Explosion,”
New York Times
, August 1, 1916, 1; “Three Held in Bail for Manslaughter,”
New York Times
, August 1, 1916, 3; “Lehigh Road Earns $7,666,439 in a Year,”
New York Times
, August 5, 1916, 13.

37
Witcover,
Sabotage
, 138–139, 160, 186–190, 43; Millman,
Detonators
, 88–90.

38
Witcover,
Sabotage
, 306–310.

39
Ibid., 129; Luebke,
Bonds
,146.

40
Luebke,
Bonds
, 207–208; Kathleen Hall Jamieson,
Eloquence in an Electronic Age: The Transformation of Political Speechmaking
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1988), 99–100.

41
Christopher M. Sterba,
Good Americans: Italian and Jewish Immigrants During the First World War
(New York: Oxford University Press, 2003), 53, 57; “The Weather,”
New York Times
, June 5, 1917, 19; “The Weather,”
New York Times
, June 6, 1917, 17; “No Trouble at the Polls,”
New York Times
, June 6, 1917, p.1.

42
Sterba,
Good Americans
, 53–54.

43
Ibid., 4, 79–80, 108–109, 114–115, 119.

44
Ibid., 70, 110, 177.

45
Ellen Snyder-Grenier,
Brooklyn! An Illustrated History
(Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1996), 126; Kennedy,
Over Here
, 135.

46
Nasaw,
Going Out
, 215; Kennedy,
Over Here
, 61–62; Schaffer,
America in the Great War
, 5; James R. Mock and Cedric Larson,
Words That Won the War: The Story of the Committee on Public Information, 1917–1919
(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1939), 64–65.

47
Kennedy,
Over Here
, 39, 51.

48
Ibid., 279; Schaffer,
America in the Great War
, 77–78, 91–92, 94; Jervis Anderson,
This Was Harlem: A Cultural Portrait, 1900–1950
(New York: Farrar Straus Giroux, 1982), 104–105; Jervis Anderson,
A. Philip Randolph: A Biographical Portrait
(New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1973), 98–99, 104.

49
David A. Shannon,
The Socialist Party of America: A History
(Chicago: Quadrangle Books, Inc., 1967), 85; Julian F. Jaffe,
Crusade Against Radicalism: New York During the Red Scare, 1914–1924
(Port Washington, NY: Kennikat Press, 1972), 70–72; Sterba,
Good Americans
, 156–159, 162–163.

50
Jaffe,
Crusade
, 24; Shannon,
Socialist Party
, 104; Luebke,
Bonds
, 253, 268.

51
Witcover,
Sabotage
, 233.

52
Kennedy,
Over Here
, 75–77; Schaffer,
America in the Great War
, 218–221; Jaffe,
Crusade
, 55; “The Sedition Bill,”
New York Times
, April 10, 1918, 12.

53
Joe Doyle, “Striking for Ireland on the New York Docks,” in Bayor and Meagher, eds.,
The New York Irish
, 359; Jaffe,
Crusade
, 59–60, 62–64; Shannon,
Socialist Party
, 103–105.

54
“Start Drive Today for Draft Slackers,
New York Times
, September 3, 1918, 8; “Seize 20,000 Here in Slacker Search,”
New York Times
, September 4, 1918, 1; “Second Day Nets Few Slackers Here,”
New York Times
, September 5, 1918, 3; “Hunting the Slacker,”
New York Times
, September 6, 1918, 12; “Get 1,500 Slackers in 3-Day Roundup,”
New York Times
, September 6, 1918, 24; “60,187 Men Taken in Slacker Raids,”
New York Times
, September 8, 1918, 9.

55
Sterba,
Good Americans
, 56; Kennedy,
Over Here
, 81–82, 165–166; Schaffer,
America in the Great War
, 17; Higham,
Strangers
, 211–212.

56
Schaffer,
America in the Great War
, 147–148; Geoffrey R. Stone,
Perilous Times: Free Speech in Wartime From the Sedition Act of 1798 to the War on Terrorism
(New York: W. W. Norton, 2004), 183; Christopher M. Finan,
From the Palmer Raids to the Patriot Act: A History of the Fight for Free Speech in America
(Boston: Beacon Press, 2007), 21, 4–25; “Hunting the Slacker,”
New York Times
, September 6, 1918, 12; Kennedy,
Over Here
, 89.

57
Luebke,
Bonds
, 237, 276.

58
Ibid., 216, 249; Erik Kirschbaum,
The Eradication of German Culture in the United States: 1917–1918
(Stuttgart: Hans-Dieter Heinz Akademischer Verlag, 1986), 99, 101–102, 105–106, 135, 140.

59
Luebke,
Bonds
, 10, 14–15, 227–228, 243; Jeff Kisseloff,
You Must Remember This: An Oral History of Manhattan from the 1890s to World War II
(San Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1989), 118.

60
William Bell Clark,
When the U-Boats Came to America
(Boston: Little, Brown, 1929), 49–56, 73–74; “29 Survivors Reach Atlantic City Beach,”
New York Times
, June 5, 1918, 2.

61
Clark,
U-Boats
, 42–50.

62
Ibid., 32, 34–35, 42, 49–50, 72.

63
Kennedy,
Over Here
, 169, 189; John Maxtone-Graham,
Dazzle & Drab: Ocean Liners at War
(New York: The Ocean Liner Museum, 2001), 15–17, 20; Ellis,
Epic
, 505.

64
Clark,
U-Boats
, 64–65, 93–95, 131; Ellis,
Epic
, 505; Douglas Botting and the Editors of Time-Life Books,
The U-Boats
(Alexandria, VA: Time-Life Books, 1979), 64.

65
Page,
City’s End
, frontispiece; Clark,
U-Boats
, 78–79; “City Lights Out in Air Raid Test,”
New York Times
, June 5, 1918, 1; “Police Rules for Citizens Should Air Raid Be Made,”
New York Times
, June 5, 1918, 1; “Dim Some Streets to Foil Air Raids,”
New York Times
, June 6, 1918, 1; “To Cope with Air Raids,”
New York Times
, June 15, 1918, 6; “Huge Air-Raid Siren Tested by the Police,”
New York Times
, June 26, 1918, 8; “Air Raid Scare in Bronx,”
New York Times
, July 2, 1918, 14; “Siren Test Stirs Many,”
New York Times
, July 10, 1918, 10.

66
Clark,
U-Boats
, 144, 159–163, 214–216, 309–311.

67
Ibid., 107, 108.

68
Ibid., 165, 255, 256; “Take Enemy Aliens in Barred Zone,”
New York Times
, July 20, 1918, 18.

69
Sterba,
Good Americans
, 172–173; Schaffer,
America in the Great War
, 115.

70
Kennedy,
Over Here
, 207; Kisseloff,
You Must Remember
, 551; Sterba,
Good Americans
, 3, 8, 80, 181; Schaffer,
America in the Great War
, 88, 89; Anderson,
This Was Harlem
, 107–108.

71
Kennedy,
Over Here
, 291; Jaffe,
Crusade
, 231.

72
Jaffe,
Crusade
, 85–91, 183–189; Kate Holladay Claghorn,
The Immigrant’s Day in Court
(New York: Harper & Brothers, 1923), 418–421, 426–429, 447–448, 455.

73
Joseph W. Bendersky,
The “Jewish Threat”: Anti-Semitic Politics of the U.S. Army
(New York: Basic Books, 2000), 69, 126–132.

74
Ibid., 158–163, 166.

Chapter 8

1
The previous paragraphs are based on the following: “City to Ward Off ‘Invasion’ by Air,”
New York Times
, January 19, 1941, 19; “‘Air Raids’ in East Start 4-Day Test,”
New York Times
, January 22, 1941, 12; “‘Foe’s’ Planes Rain ‘Bombs’ onto City,”
New York Times
, January 23, 1941, 13; “Coast Vulnerable, War Games Show,”
New York Times
, January 24, 1941, 11; Hanson W. Baldwin, “Types of Aerial Missiles,”
New York Times
, January 24, 1941, 11; “The Nation,”
New York Times
, January 26, 1941, E2; “Air Raid Spotters to Be Permanent,”
New York Times
, January 25, 1941, 8.

2
Brehon Somervell, “City Unemployment Figures,”
New York Times
, March 23, 1940, 10.

3
Leo Polaski and Glen Williford,
New York City’s Harbor Defenses
(Charleston, SC: Arcadia Publishing, 2003), 63–68, 71–73, 97, 104, 107, 109–111; Russell S. Gilmore, “fortifications,” in
The Encyclopedia of New York City
, ed. Kenneth T. Jackson (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1995), 431–432.

4
Baldwin, “Types of Aerial Missiles,”
New York Times
, January 24, 1941, 11.

5
Richard M. Ketchum,
The Borrowed Years 1938–1941: America on the Way to War
(New York: Random House, 1989), 87–92.

6
“Mayor Tells City He Will Run Again If Voters Call Him,”
New York Times
, May 22, 1941, 1; “City Defense Group Plans for Air Raids,”
New York Times
, January 16, 1941, 1; “Mayor Emphasizes Need of Discipline,”
New York Times
, June 14, 1941, 9; “Mayors Hear Poletti Warn of Invasion,”
New York Times
, June 12, 1941, 11; August Heckscher with Phyllis Robinson,
When LaGuardia Was Mayor: New York’s Legendary Years
(New York: W. W. Norton, 1978), 280, 297–298, Thomas Kessner,
Fiorello H. La Guardia and the Making of Modern New York
(New York: McGraw-Hill, 1989), 491–493.

7
“Slums and Penthouses Send Forth Volunteers Eager to ‘Do Our Bit,’”
New York Times
, June 21, 1941, 8; “Post Wardens in Training,”
New York Times
, September 16, 1941, 7.

8
“Mayor Emphasizes Need of Discipline,”
New York Times
, June 14, 1941, 9; “Urges Permanency in Defense Housing,”
New York Times
, April 25, 1941, 35; “Air Raid Drills Held in Schools,”
New York Times
, June 7, 1941, 19; “Tests Evacuation Plan,”
New York Times
, March 13, 1941, p.23; “Defense Exhibit Begins Saturday,”
New York Times
, September 14, 1941, 39; “Newest Weapons to Be on Exhibit,”
New York Times
, September 20, 1941, 34.

9
Norman Brouwer, “Fortress New York,”
Seaport: New York’s History Magazine
24, no. 1 (Summer 1990): 40.

10
Sander A. Diamond,
The Nazi Movement in the United States, 1924–1941
(Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1974), 92, 101–102, 206, 224, 228, 229, 245; Ronald H. Bayor,
Neighbors in Conflict: The Irish, Germans, Jews, and Italians of New York City, 1929–1941
(Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978), 61.

11
Diamond,
Nazi Movement
, 144–145, 317; Stan Cohen and Don DeNevi with Richard Gay,
They Came to Destroy America: The FBI Goes to War Against Nazi Spies & Saboteurs Before and During World War II
(Missoula, MT: Pictorial Histories, 2003), 3.

12
Diamond,
Nazi Movement
, 8, 150, 151, 156, 203, 209, 225, 277; Cohen and DeNevi,
They Came
, 17–18; Bayor,
Neighbors
, 63, 66–67, 73–74, 76; Mike Wallace, “New York and the World: The Global Context,” in
Facing Fascism: New York and the Spanish Civil War
, ed. Peter N. Carroll and James D. Fernandez (New York: Museum of the City of New York/New York University Press, 2007), 22.

13
“100,000 March Here in 6-Hour Protest over Nazi Policies,”
New York Times
, May 11, 1933, 1; Diamond,
Nazi Movement
, 107; Bayor,
Neighbors
, 68–70; Wallace, “New York and the World,” 21–22.

14
Diamond,
Nazi Movement
, 230; Cohen and DeNevi,
They Came
, 4.