Our Own Devices: How Technology Remakes Humanity (47 page)

30.
Golden, “Design Guy,” 40, 43.

31.
Bruce Tulloh, “Sole Searching,”
Peak Performance
, March 1991, 4; Cavanagh,
Running Shoe Book
, 86–88, 94–95, 358–60; Ian Hawkey, “Running Shoes Need Not Be Your Achilles’ Heel,”
The Times
(London), November 23, 1997;
Owen Anderson, “The Shoe Scene: Are the Best Shoes Your Own Feet?”
Running Research News
, May—June 1991, 9–10; Adam Turnball, “The Race for a Better Running Shoe,”
New Scientist
, vol. 123, no. 1673 (July 15, 1989), 42–44; R. McNeill Alexander and Michael Bennett, “How Elastic Is a Running Shoe?”
New Scientist
, vol. 123, no. 1673 (July 15, 1989), 45–46; R. McNeill Alexander, “The Spring in Your
Step,”
New Scientist
, vol. 114, no. 1558 (April 30, 1987), 42–44.

32.
Cavanagh,
Running Shoe Book
, 166–71; Tom Yulsman, “Anatomy of the High-tech Running Shoe,”
Science Digest
, April 1985, 46ff.

33.
Cavanagh,
Running Shoe Book
, 46–49; Tony Baer, “How Long Can This Go On?”
Runner’s World
, vol. 21, no. 4 (April 1986), 44.

34.
Paul Carrozza, “Inside Cushioning Technologies,”
Runner’s World
, vol.
33, no. 9 (September 1998), 56–57; James Braham, “High Tech Afoot,”
Machine Design
, vol. 63, no. 11 (June 6, 1991), 80–84; Strasser and Becklund,
Swoosh
, 343–49, 355–57, 563–66, 619–22; Mark Hyman, “Bracing for Life Without ‘Air,’”
Baltimore Sun
, August 19, 1996. The original Air shoe patents are available at
http://www.uspto.gov
: U.S. Patents 4,183,156 of January 15, 1980, and 4,219,945 of September
2, 1980.

35.
D. R. Martin, “How to Steer Patients Toward the Right Sport Shoe,”
Physician and Sportsmedicine
, vol. 29 no. 9 (September 1, 1997), 138ff.; Adam Bryant, “What Packers and Builders Can Learn from the Bees,”
New York Times
, October 6, 1991; Charles Leerhsen, “Now, Running on Empty,”
Newsweek
, December 3, 1990; “Jordan Shaking Up the Shoe Market,”
St. Louis Post-Dispatch
, November 5,
1989; “Letting You Down Easy,”
Consumer Reports
, vol. 57, no. 5 (May 1992), 308; “For Athletes, More Bounce from a ‘Space Age’ Shoe,”
BusinessWeek
, September 16, 1985, 133; “Designers Put the Boot In,”
The Engineer
, June 5, 1998, 20ff.; Carrozza, “Inside Cushioning Technologies,” 57.

36.
Strasser and Becklund,
Swoosh
, 366.

37.
Dallal, “Tinker Hatfield,” 63; Vanderbilt,
Sneaker Book
, 111; Tom
Hawthorn, “High-tech Shoes Aim to Reduce Sports Injuries,”
Globe and Mail
(Toronto), April 10, 1987. Frank Rudy has observed that the envelope holding the compressed gas in Air shoes is actually under maximum load when it is sitting, not when it is being pounded by activity. See Braham, “High Tech Afoot,” 80ff.

38.
Athletic Footwear Association,
The U.S. Athletic Footwear Market Today
(1998 and
1999); Ann Wozencraft, “Sports Retailing Chains Can’t Seem to Get It Right,”
New York Times
, November 28, 1999.

39.
Suzanne Kapner, “Market Savvy,”
Los Angeles Times
, July 4, 1998; William A. Rossi, “The Shoe Industry’s 20-Year Snooze,”
Footwear News
, vol. 54, no. 25 (July 22, 1998), 12; William A. Rossi, “Athletic Footwear: Facing Hard Realities,”
Footwear News
, vol. 54, no. 21 (May 25, 1998),
32; Aaron Donovan, “A Long Walk, and a Gift of New Shoes,”
New York Times
, December 7, 1999 (on an unemployed engineer enabled by the newspaper’s Neediest Cases Fund to replace his worn-out sneakers with Timberland boots); Tasha Zemke, “Foot Race,”
Pittsburgh Post-Gazette
, October 6, 1998; Antony Ramirez, “The Pedestrian Sneaker Makes a Comeback,”
New York Times
, October 14, 1990; “Know It All:
Footwear Questions Asked and Answered,”
Footwear News
, June 13, 1994, 14; “Nike Set to Sell Cheap Shoes,” Associated Press report, September 15, 1999 (source:
http://www.abcnews.com
).

40.
Luella Bartley, “Death of the Trainer,”
Vogue
(London), August 1998, n.p.; Steele,
Shoes
, 175–79; Deyan Sudjic, “Nike Air Zoom Seismic,”
Weekend Financial Times, How to Spend It
magazine, no. 36 (May 1999),
69.

41.
Timothy Egan, “The Swoon of the Swoosh,”
New York Times Magazine
, September 13, 1998, 66; Mitchell Raphael, “Corporate Perversion,”
To r onto Star
, February 7, 1998; Kathryn Kranhold and Suzanne Vranica, “Amid Heavy Dot-Com Spending on Ads, 1999 Saw the Good, the Bad and the Bizarre,”
Wall Street Journal
, December 31, 1999; “Scuffle of the Week,”
The Lawyer
, June 21, 1999, 56; Lisa de
Moraes, “Putting On the Dogs,”
Washington Post
, February 8, 1999; Bob Garfield, “Chauvinist Pigskin,”
Advertising Age
, February 1, 1999; Nita Lelyveld, “Disparate Grievances Land at Same Doorstep,”
Philadelphia Inquirer
, December 2, 1999.

42.
Athletic Footwear Association,
Footwear Market
(1999), 3; Ellen Simon, “Fading Footprints,”
Newark Star-Ledger
, September 26, 1999; Cragg Hines, “Republican
National Convention,”
Houston Chronicle
, August 12, 1996; Dan Morain, “Stanley Mosk: Will Dean of High Court Hang It Up?”
Los Angeles Times
, January 26, 1986; “Foot Notes,”
New York Times
, April 6, 1980.

43.
Steven E. Robbins and Gerard J. Gouw, “Athletic Footwear: Unsafe Due to Perceptual Illusions,”
Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise
, vol. 23, no. 2 (February 1991), 217–24; E. C. Frederick
and Peter R. Cavanagh, letter,
Medicine and Science and Sports and Exercise
, vol. 24, no. 1 (January 1992), 144–45, and reply by Steven E. Robbins and Gerard J. Gouw, 145–47, and literature cited; Steven E. Rob-bins and Adel M. Hanna, “Running-Related Injury Prevention Through Barefoot Adaptations,”
Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise
, vol. 19, no. 2 (February 1987), 148–56; Steven Robbins,
Gerard J. Gouw, and Jacqueline McClaran, “Shoe Sole Thickness and Hardness Influence Balance in Older Men,”
Journal of the American Geriatrics Society
, vol. 40, no. 11 (November 1992), 1089–94; Steven Robbins and Edward Waked, “Balance and Vertical Impact in Sports: Role of Shoe Sole Materials,”
Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
, vol. 78, no. 5 (May 1987), 463–67; “Like to Walk?
Put Away Your Walking Shoes,”
Tufts University Health & Nutrition Letter
, April 1997, 1, 6; Steven Robbins and Edward Waked, “Hazard of Deceptive Advertising of Athletic Footwear,”
Journal of the American Medical Association
, vol. 279, no. 13 (April 1998), 976F; Tom Carter, “Do Barefoot Athletes Have a Leg Up?”
Washington Times
, September 5, 1991; “Canadian Doctor Advises Distance Runners to Go
Barefootin’,”
Star-Tribune
(Minneapolis), August 23, 1987.

44.
Frederick and Cavanagh, letter, 144–45; Beverley Smith, “Pricy Shoes Overrated, Report Says,”
Globe and Mail
(Toronto), December 11, 1997; David Israelson, “Shoemakers Stomp Sole Study,”
To r onto Star
, December 12, 1997; Joe Henderson, “Shoes and Feet,”
Runner’s World
, vol. 21, no. 10 (November 1986), 8.

45.
Steven Robbins, Edward
Waked, and Nicholas Krouglicof, “Improving Balance,”
Journal of the American Geriatrics Society
, vol. 46, no. 11 (November 1998), 1363–70; Robbins, Gouw, and McClaran, “Sole Thickness,” 1093.

46.
John McCarry, “The Promise of Pakistan,”
National Geographic
, vol. 192, no. 4 (October 1997), 60–61, 65–67.

1.
Andy Rooney, “A Chair That Fits, That’s What We Need,”
San Diego Union-Tribune
, May 23, 1989.

2.
Ada S. Ballin,
The Science of Dress in Theory and Practice
(London: Sampson Low, Marston, Searle & Rivington, 1883), 229; Wilhelm Thomsen,
Die Geschichte der Schuhreform Hermann von Meyer’s und ihre Beziehungen zur Gegenwart
(Stuttgart: Ferdinand Enke Verlag, 1940), 1–14;
Modern Chairs, 1918–1970
(London: Victoria and Albert Museum, 1970), 90; Alice Rawsthorn,
“Tate Modern Take-away,”
Financial Times
, May 6, 2000.

3.
Gordon W. Hewes, “The Anthropology of Posture,”
Scientific American
, vol. 196, no. 2 (February 1957), 122–32; Walter B. Pitkin,
Take It Easy: The Art of Relaxation
(New York: Simon & Schuster, 1935), 34–35; William C. Hayes,
The Scepter of Egypt
, 2 parts (New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1990), pt. 1, 258–59, 262–65; pt. 2, 200–202.

4.
Bernard Lewis,
The Middle East: A Brief History of the Last 2,000 Years
(New York: Scribners, 1995), 7, unnumbered illustrations.

5.
Li Xing, “Furniture Took Ages to Grow Legs,”
China Daily
(Beijing), October 31, 1988 (thanks to Karl Kroemer for calling this article to my attention); Wang Shixiang,
Classic Chinese Furniture: Ming and Early Qing Dynasties
, trans. Sarah Handler and the author
(London: Han-Shan Tang, 1986), 14–16, 19–21; Sarah Handler,
Austere Luminosity of Chinese Classical Furniture
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001), 9–24.

6.
K. H. E. Kroemer, H. B. Kroemer, and K. E. Kroemer-Elbert,
Ergonomics: How to Design for Ease and Efficiency
(Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1994), 365–69; Thierry Bardini,
Bootstrapping: Douglas Engelbart, Coevolution,
and the Origins of Personal Computing
(Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2000), illustration section, n.p.

7.
Ralph S. Hattox,
Coffee and Coffeehouses: The Origins of a Social Beverage in the Medieval Near East
(Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1985), plate 12.

8.
See Lorenz Homberger and Piet Meyer, “Concerning African Objects,” and Roy Sieber, “African Furniture Between Tradition
and Colonization,” in Sandro Bocola, ed.,
African Seats
(Munich: Prestel, 1996), 22–29 and 30–37, respectively.

9.
Li, “Furniture,” 8; Diana Fane, ed.,
Converging Cultures: Art and Identity in Spanish America
(Brooklyn, N.Y.: Brooklyn Museum of Art, 1996), 284–85, 119;
The New York Times Capsule
, exhibition label, American Museum of Natural History, New York, visited April 6, 2000.

10.
Andrew
Pollack, “In a Painful Situation, Japanese Choose Chairs,”
New York Times
, August 25, 1995.

11.
“Researcher: Japanese-Style Toilets Produce Strong Thighs,”
Report from Japan
, May 21, 1993, Nippon Notes section, n.p.; Takuo Fujita and Masaaki Fukase, “Comparison of Osteoporosis and Calcium Intake Between Japan and the United States,”
Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine
, vol. 200 (1992), 149–52; Emily Yoffe, “Maybe All That Milk You’ve Been Drinking Is to Blame,”
http://www.slate.com
, August 2, 1999.

12.
Galen Cranz,
The Chair: Rethinking Culture, Body, and Design
(New York: Norton, 1998), 94–101.

13.
Paul Saenger,
Space Between Words: The Origins of Silent Reading
(Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1997), 48–49; Bruce M. Metzger, “When Did Scribes Begin
to Use Writing Desks?” in his
Historical and Literary Studies: Pagan, Jewish, and Christian
(Grand Rapids, Mich.: Eerdmans, 1968), 123–37.

14.
Saenger,
Space Between Words
, 48, 315 n. 104; Cranz,
Chair
, 154–55, 189; Siegfried Giedion,
Mechanization Takes Command: A Contribution to Anonymous History
(New York: Norton, 1969 [1948]), 264–65.

15.
Giedion,
Mechanization Takes Command
, 282–87; Dora
Thornton,
The
Scholar in His Study: Ownership and Experience in Renaissance Italy
(New Haven: Yale University Press, 1997), 53–59.

16.
Fane,
Converging Cultures
, 278–79; Herman Roodenburg, “The ‘Hand of Friendship’: Shaking Hands and Other Gestures in the Dutch Republic,” in Jan Bremmer and Herman Roodenburg, eds.,
A Cultural History of Gesture
(Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1991), 158–59.
On the chair as frame, see Edgar Kaufmann, Jr., “Have a Seat,”
Art News
, vol. 48, no. 5 (September 1949), 29–36.

17.
David Nickerson,
English Furniture of the Eighteenth Century
(New York: Putnam, 1965), 8–9; Geneviève Souchal,
French Eighteenth-Century Furniture
, trans. Simon Watson Taylor (New York: Putnam, n.d.), 108, 112; John Kassay,
The Book of American Windsor Furniture
(Amherst: University
of Massachusetts Press, 1998), 124–36.

18.
Giedion,
Mechanization Takes Command
, 286–87, 405, 407.

19.
Thomas E. Hill,
Hill’s Manual of Social and Business Forms: A Guide to Correct Writing
(Chicago: Hill Standard Book Co., 1882), 28; H. Lachmayer, “Le Bureau du Chef,”in
L’EmpireduBureau,1900–2000
(Paris: Berger-Levrault and C.N.A.P., 1984),59.

20.
David Yosifon and Peter N. Stearns, “The Rise
and Fall of American Posture,”
American Historical Review
, vol. 103, no. 4 (October 1998), 1069; Gabriel A. Bobrick,
School Furniture: A Treatise on Its Construction in Compliance with Hygienic Requirements
(Boston: Rockwell and Churchill, 1887), 3–17.

21.
Giedion,
Mechanization Takes Command
, 404–7.

22.
Kenneth L. Ames,
Death in the Dining Room and Other Tales of Victorian Culture
(Philadelphia:
Temple University Press, 1992), 185–232; Giedion,
Mechanization Takes Command
, 401.