Our Own Devices: How Technology Remakes Humanity (51 page)

36.
Quoted in Richard Bernstein, “Isaac Babel May Yet Have the Last Word,”
New York Times
, July 11, 2001.

37.
Henry Allen, “Everything You Always Wanted to Know About Specs,”
Washington Post
, December 16, 1991.

38.
Nick Ravo,
“Altina Schinasi Miranda, 92, Designer of Harlequin Glasses,”
New York Times
, April 21, 1999; “Take Another Look at Glasses,”
Glamour
, September 1992, 298–301; David Shields, “Optical Illusions,”
Vogue
, April 1993, 120 ff.

39.
Joseph L. Bruneni,
Looking Back: An Illustrated History of the American Ophthalmic Industry
(Torrance, Calif.: Ophthalmic Laboratories Association, 1994), 78–82, 138.

40.
Ibid., 42.

41.
Anahad o’Connor, “Harold Ridley, Eye Doctor, 94, Early Developer of Lens Implants,”
New York Times
, June 6, 2001.

42.
Susan Ferraro, “Patients Are Blindsided,”
New York Daily News
, February 25, 2001; Bob Garfield, “The Focus Thing,”
Washington Post
, January 7, 2001.

43.
Laura Johannes, “Is End of Reading Glasses in Sight?”
Wall Street Journal
, March 29, 2001.

44.
Saw et al.,
“Epidemiology of Myopia,” 175; Jane Gwiazda and Lynn Marran, “The Many Facets of the Myopic Eye: A Review of Genetic and Environmental Factors,”
Vision Science and Its Applications
, vol. 35 (2000), 393.

45.
Gwiazda and Marran, “Myopic Eye,” 394–95; Naomi Lee, “A Close Look at the Cause of Myopia,”
South China Morning Post
, April 16, 2000; Roger Dobson, “The Future Is Blurred,”
The Independent
(London), May 20, 1999; Saw et al., “Epidemiology of Myopia,” 177.

46.
Joshua Wallman, “Nature and Nurture of Myopia,”
Nature
, vol. 371, no. 6494 (September 15, 1994), 201–2; John Schwartz, “In Sharpening Children’s Focus, Glasses May Fuzz the Future,”
Washington Post
, August 1, 1995.

1.
Edward B. Becker, “Helmet Development and Standards,” excerpt from N. Yoganandan et al., eds.,
Frontiers in Head and Neck Trauma: Clinical and Biomedical
(London: IOS Press, 1998), 1–2.

2.
M. D. W. Jeffreys, “Ibo Warfare,”
Man
, vol. 56 (June 1956), 77–79; E. W. Gudger, “Helmets from Skins of the Porcupine-Fish,”
Scientific Monthly
, vol. 30, no. 5 (May 1930), 432–42.

3.
“Helme,”
Der neue Pauly
, vol. 5, 327; Richard A. Gabriel and Karen S. Metz,
From Sumer to Rome: The Military Capabilities
of Ancient Armies
(New York: Greenwood Press, 1991), 54–58.

4.
Gabriel and Metz,
From Sumer to Rome
, 51, 60–63; Yigael Yadin,
The Art of Warfare in Biblical Lands in the Light of Archaeological Discovery
, trans. M. Pearlman (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1963), 40–44, 49.

5.
Walter Mayer,
Politik und Kriegskunst der Assyrier
(Münster: Ugarit-Verlag, 1995), 431, 461–63; Gabriel and Metz,
From
Sumer to Rome
, 29–30.

6.
A. M. Snodgrass,
Arms and Armour of the Greeks
(Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1967), 48–51.

7.
Victor Davis Hanson,
The Western Way of War: Infantry Battle in Classical Greece
(New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1989), 71–75, 213–14.

8.
See A. K. Goldsworthy, “The Othismos, Myths and Heresies: The Nature of Hoplite Battle,”
War in History
, vol. 4, no. 1 (January 1997),
1–26; “Alternative Agonies: Hoplite Martial and Combat Experiences Beyond the Phalanx,” in Hans van Wees, ed.,
War and Violence in Ancient Greece
(London: Duckworth and the Classical Press of Wales, 2000), 233–59; Hanson,
Western Way of War
, 58–59.

9.
Hanson,
Western Way of War
, 57–58; Snodgrass,
Arms and Armour
, 93–95.

10.
Jacques Ellul,
The Technological Society
(New York: Vintage Books, 1964),
29; Victor Duruy,
History of Rome and of the Roman People
, trans. M. M. Ripley (Boston: Dana Estes, 1883–86), vol. 5, sec. 2, 320; see the fascinating evolutionary diagrams prepared by Marcus Junkelmann in
Römische Helme
(Mainz: Sammlung Guttmann bei Philipp von Zabern, 2000), n.p.

11.
Adrian Goldsworth,
Roman Warfare
(London: Cassell, 2000), 53; Peter Connolly, “The Roman Fighting Technique
Deduced from Armour and Weaponry,”
Roman Frontier Studies 1989
(Exeter: University of Exeter Press, 1991), 358–63; Junkelmann,
Römische Helme
, 24–30.

12.
Junkelmann,
Römische Helme
, 32, 85.

13.
Ibid., 33.

14.
T. Philip D. Blackburn et al., “Head Protection in England Before the First World War,”
Neurosurgery
, vol. 47, no. 6 (December 2000), 1268, 1281; Christopher Knüsel and Anthea Boylston,
“How Has the Towton Project Contributed to Our Knowledge of Medieval and Later Warfare?” in Veronica Fiorata, Anthea Boylston, and Christopher Knüsel, eds.,
Blood Red Roses: The Archaeology of a Mass Grave from the Battle of Towton AD 1461
(Oxford: Oxbow Books, 2000), 169–88.

15.
Bashford Dean,
Helmets and Body Armor in Modern Warfare
, 2nd ed. (Tuckahoe, N.Y.: Carl J. Pugliese, 1977), 30, 34.

16.
Claude Blair,
European Armour, Circa 1066 to Circa 1700
(London: B. T. Batsford,
1958), 31–32; A. V. B. Norman and Don Pottinger,
English Weapons & Warfare, 449–1660
(London: Arms and Armour Press, 1979), 46–47.

17.
Blair,
European Armour
, 105–7; A. W. Boardman,
The Medieval Soldier in the Wars of the Roses
(Stroud, Gloucester: Sutton Publishing, 1998), 129–31; Donald La Rocca, electronic mail,
February 7, 2003.

18.
Blackburn et al., “Head Protection in England,” 1280–81; Dean,
Helmets and Body Armor
, 42–43; Blair,
European Armour
, 191–92.

19.
Richard A. Preston, Alex Roland, and Sydney F. Wise,
Men in Arms: A History of Warfare and Its Interrelationships with Western Society
, 3rd ed. (Fort Worth: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1991), 98.

20.
Dean,
Helmets and Body Armor
, 50–53; Blair,
European Armour
, 296–97.

21.
Ivor Noël Hume and Audrey Noël Hume,
The Archaeology of Martin’s Hundred
, 2 parts (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, and Williamsburg, Va.: The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, 2001), part 1, 158; Harold L. Peterson,
Arms and Armor in Colonial America, 1526–1783
(New York: Bramhall House, 1956), 103–51.

22.
Dean,
Helmets
and Body Armor
, 56–57; R. D. Stiot, “Les Armures de Tranchées en Usage durant la Révolution et L’Empire et l’armure de Sapeurs Modèle 1833,” and “Les Armures de Sapeurs Modèle 1836 et Fabrication 1838,”
Armes Blanches Militaires Françaises
, vol. 28 (1983), n.p.; “Equestrian,” “Heavy Cavalry Helmets” (letter),
Times
(London), March 31, 1865.

23.
John W. Waterer,
Leather and the Warrior
(Northampton,
Eng.: The Museum of Leathercraft, 1981), 32–43; Günter Gall,
Leder im Europäischen Kunsthandwerk
(Braunschweig: Klinkhardt & Biermann, 1965), 182–87; Dean,
Helmets and Body Armor
, 56.

24.
Kenneth Holcombe Dunsee,
Engine! Engine! A Story of Fire Protection
(New York: Harold Vincent Smith for the Home Insurance Company, 1939), 47–51. Dennis Smith,
Dennis Smith’s History of Firefighting in America:
300 Years of Courage
(New York: Dial Press, 1978), 34.

25.
Francis Bertin, Pascal Courault, and Joan Deville,
Le Feu Sacré
(Rennes: Éditions Ouest-France, 1994), passim; Jean-Claude Demory,
Pompiers Militaires de France
(Boulogne: E.T.A.I., 1997), 10–13, 16–17; W. Eric Jackson,
London’s Fire Brigades
(London: Longmans, 1966), 34, 46–48, 80, 82; Ludwig Baer,
The History of the German Steel Helmet,
1916–1945
, trans. K. Daniel Dahl (San Jose, Calif.: R. James Bender, 1985), 267; Robyn Cooper, “The Fireman: Immaculate Manhood,”
Journal of Popular Culture
, vol. 28, no. 4 (1985), 139–70.

26.
Dean,
Helmets and Body Armor
, 58–65.

27.
See the essays in Roger Cooter and Bill Luckin, eds.,
Accidents in History: Injuries, Fatalities, and Social Relations
(Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1997).

28.
David G.
Herrmann,
The Arming of Europe and the Making of the First World War
(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996), 17–21; John Ellis,
Eye-Deep in Hell: Trench Warfare in World War I
(Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1989), 61–62; Dean,
Helmets and Body Armor
, 68–70.

29.
Dean,
Helmets and Body Armor
, 74–75.

30.
Petros Dintsis,
Hellenistische Helme
, 2 vols. (Rome: G. Bretschneider,
1986), vol. 1, 113–33, and vol. 2, supp. 9; Dean,
Helmets and Body Armor
, 9, 74–83.

31.
Dean,
Helmets and Body Armor
, 128–31, 193–96, 314.

32.
Baer,
German Steel Helmet
, 7–24.

33.
Dean,
Helmets and Body Armor
, 138.

34.
Baer,
German Steel Helmet
, 85–89.

35.
Dean,
Helmets and Body Armor
, 208–17; Stephen V. Grancsay, “Helmets and Body Armor in Modern Warfare,” in
Arms & Armor: Essays from the Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, 1920–1964
(New
York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1986), 286–87; “Helmets Presented a Challenge to Metal Workers,”
Scientific American
, vol. 171, no. 4 (October 1994), 153; Robert K. Southee, “The Steel Pot,”
American Legion
, vol. 119, no. 2 (February 1982), 24ff.

36.
Mike Mason, “So Long, Ol’ Pot,”
Soldiers
, November 1982, 21–22.

37.
Baer,
German Steel Helmet
, 390–402; Dean,
Helmets and Body Armor
, 208–13.
Dean’s Model 2 had a visor and side/rear apron like the original
Stahlhelm
, but with a more gentle curve.

38.
“Army Hails New Helmets’ Value in Grenada,”
New York Times
, December 8, 1982; “PASGT, Mon Armor,”
Washington Post
, August 14, 1985.

39.
“Trench Helmets in Mines,”
New York Times
, August 12, 1923.

40.
“From the Hard-Boiled Hat to Today’s Skull Bucket,”
California Builder and Engineer
, February 16, 1998, 16–22.

41.
General Detroit Corp.,
The Buyers’ Encyclopedia
, Catalogue No. 20.

42.
Earl W. Murphy, “Hardhats Become Heroes of New Novel by Idaho Author,”
Idaho Voter
, January 26, 1956; Thomas M. Pryor, “Wald Will Film ‘The Hard Hats,’”
New York Times
, September 3, 1956; “Who’s Wearing That Helmet—and Why?”
Popular Science
, vol. 173, no. 5 (November 1958), 122–23.

43.
Homer
Bigart, “City Hall Is Stormed,”
New York Times
, May 9, 1970; Richard Rogin, “Why the Construction Workers Holler, ‘U.S.A., All the Way!’”
New York Times Magazine
, June 28, 1970, 7ff.

44.
“A New Hat in Political Ring,”
New York Times
, October 27, 1970.

45.
“Police Here Start to Wear Helmets for Hydrant Duty,”
New York Times
, July 5, 1961; John Kifner, “300 in S.D.S. Clash with Chicago Police,”
New York Times
, October 9, 1969; Steven Mikulan, “A Wintry Discontent,”
LA Weekly
, February 8, 2002.

46.
Andy Beckett, “Spot the Difference,”
The Guardian
, July 12, 2002; Tom Utley, “The Policeman’s Helmet May Be Impractical—But It Still Works,”
Daily Telegraph
, April 6, 2002.

47.
Becker, “Helmet Development and Standards,” 2–3; Hugh Cairns, “Head Injuries in Motor-Cyclists,”
British Medical
Journal
, no. 4213 (October 4, 1941), 465–71; Hugh Cairns and H. Holbourn, “Head Injuries in Motor-Cyclists,”
British Medical Journal
, no. 4297 (May 15, 1942), 591–97.

48.
“Jockeys Must Wear Helmets in Steeplechases, Is Ruling,”
New York Times
, January 9, 1925; Henry R. Isley, “Cap Saves M’atee as Mount Falls,”
New York Times
, June 3, 1924.

49.
J. Nadine Gelberg, “The Lethal Weapon: How the Plastic
Football Helmet Transformed the Game of Football, 1939–1994,”
Bulletin of Science, Technology, and Society
, vol. 15, no. 5–6 (1995), 304; Manny Topol, “Evolution of a Football Helmet,”
Newsday
(Long Island), July 8, 1996.

50.
Edward Tenner,
Why Things Bite Back: Technology and the Revenge of Unintended Consequences
(New York: Vintage Books, 1997), 277–78; Gelberg, “Lethal Weapon,” 304–8.

51.
Dean Fisher, “History, Helmets and Standards: 40 Years of Advancement in Head Protection,”
ASTM Standardization News
, vol. 20, no. 6 (June 1992), 34–37; Ed Hinton, “Head Impact Isn’t Necessary in Fatal Crashes,”
Los Angeles Times
, February 11, 2001; Dick Teresi, “The Case for No Helmets,”
New York Times
, June 17, 1995.

52.
Matt Walker, “In the Firing Line,”
New Scientist
, vol. 162, no. 2191 (June
19, 1999), 25.

53.
Amber Smith, “Heads Up on Headgear: Safety Outweighs Similarities When It Comes to Buying a Helmet,”
Newark Star-Ledger
, May 7, 2002, 33; Sarah Collins and Lisa Gubernick, “The Riskiest Sports,”
Wall Street Journal
, July 6, 2001.