Pearl Harbor (32 page)
Authors: Steven M. Gillon
14
“Memorandum: December 7, 1941.”
“Memorandum: December 7, 1941.”
15
C. P. Trussell, “Congress Decided,”
New York Times
, December 8, 1941, 1; Raymond Z. Henle, “Roosevelt May Ask War on Axis,”
Pittsburgh Post Gazette
, December 8, 1941, 1.
C. P. Trussell, “Congress Decided,”
New York Times
, December 8, 1941, 1; Raymond Z. Henle, “Roosevelt May Ask War on Axis,”
Pittsburgh Post Gazette
, December 8, 1941, 1.
16
“Nearly All Congressional Opposition to Roosevelt's Foreign Policy Fades,”
Wall Street Journal
, December 8, 1941, 3; Trussell, “Congress Decided”; Wm. C.
Murphy Jr., “Roosevelt to Give Message on War to Congress Today,”
Philadelphia Inquirer
, December 8, 1941, 1.
“Nearly All Congressional Opposition to Roosevelt's Foreign Policy Fades,”
Wall Street Journal
, December 8, 1941, 3; Trussell, “Congress Decided”; Wm. C.
Murphy Jr., “Roosevelt to Give Message on War to Congress Today,”
Philadelphia Inquirer
, December 8, 1941, 1.
17
Henle, “Roosevelt May Ask War on Axis,” 1.
Henle, “Roosevelt May Ask War on Axis,” 1.
20
Frank Costigliola, “Broken Circle: The Isolation of Franklin D. Roosevelt in World War II,”
Diplomatic History
32 (November 2008): 693.
Frank Costigliola, “Broken Circle: The Isolation of Franklin D. Roosevelt in World War II,”
Diplomatic History
32 (November 2008): 693.
22
A. M. Sperber,
Murrow: His Life and Times
(New York: Fordham University Press, 1999), 207; “Memorandum: December 7, 1941.”
A. M. Sperber,
Murrow: His Life and Times
(New York: Fordham University Press, 1999), 207; “Memorandum: December 7, 1941.”
23
Ibid., 207.
Ibid., 207.
26
William Seale,
The President's House: A History
(Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2008), 2:989â990.
Chapter 15William Seale,
The President's House: A History
(Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2008), 2:989â990.
4
CINCPAC Cable, “Shown to President by Naval Aide, 8:30 am, December 8,” Map Room Papers, Military Files, Series I, Box 36, Franklin D. Roosevelt Library (FDRL); CINCPAC Cable, “Shown to President by Naval Aide, 8:45 am, December 8,” Map Room Papers, Military Files, Series I, Box 36, FDRL.
CINCPAC Cable, “Shown to President by Naval Aide, 8:30 am, December 8,” Map Room Papers, Military Files, Series I, Box 36, Franklin D. Roosevelt Library (FDRL); CINCPAC Cable, “Shown to President by Naval Aide, 8:45 am, December 8,” Map Room Papers, Military Files, Series I, Box 36, FDRL.
5
“Phoned from Operations Duty Officer,” December 8, 1941, Map Room Papers, “Warfare: Philippines, 1941â1943,” Box 99, FDRL.
“Phoned from Operations Duty Officer,” December 8, 1941, Map Room Papers, “Warfare: Philippines, 1941â1943,” Box 99, FDRL.
6
Greene to Hulburd,
War Comes to the U.S.âDec. 7, 1941: The First 30 Hours as Reported to the Time-Life-Fortune News Bureau from the U.S. and Abroad
(New York, 1942); Arthur Krock, “Unity Clicks into Place,”
New York Times
, December 8, 1941, 6.
Greene to Hulburd,
War Comes to the U.S.âDec. 7, 1941: The First 30 Hours as Reported to the Time-Life-Fortune News Bureau from the U.S. and Abroad
(New York, 1942); Arthur Krock, “Unity Clicks into Place,”
New York Times
, December 8, 1941, 6.
8
C. Fred Lehr to President, December 8, 1941, Official File, OF4675, World War II, Support: “M-L,” Box 5, FDRL.
C. Fred Lehr to President, December 8, 1941, Official File, OF4675, World War II, Support: “M-L,” Box 5, FDRL.
9
Jefferson to President, December 8, 1941, Official File, OF4675, World War II, Support: “J,” Box 5, FDRL.
Jefferson to President, December 8, 1941, Official File, OF4675, World War II, Support: “J,” Box 5, FDRL.
10
The FDR Library also has in its possession aluminum braces that belonged to Roosevelt. It is unclear, however, when Roosevelt wore these braces. The aluminum design is similar to that of the steel braces, but they weigh only three and a half pounds each.
The FDR Library also has in its possession aluminum braces that belonged to Roosevelt. It is unclear, however, when Roosevelt wore these braces. The aluminum design is similar to that of the steel braces, but they weigh only three and a half pounds each.
11
William C. Murphy Jr., “U.S. Declares War on Japs,”
Philadelphia Inquirer
, December 9, 1941, 1; Hugh Gregory Gallagher,
FDR's Splendid Deception
(Arlington, VA: Vandamere Press, 1994), 163.
William C. Murphy Jr., “U.S. Declares War on Japs,”
Philadelphia Inquirer
, December 9, 1941, 1; Hugh Gregory Gallagher,
FDR's Splendid Deception
(Arlington, VA: Vandamere Press, 1994), 163.
14
Ibid., 27â28. Reilly says the conversation took place on December 9, the day after FDR's address to Congress. In fact, it was December 8.
Ibid., 27â28. Reilly says the conversation took place on December 9, the day after FDR's address to Congress. In fact, it was December 8.
15
James Reston, “Capital Swings into War Stride,”
New York Times
, December 9, 1941, 1; Belair to Hulburd,
War Comes to the US.
James Reston, “Capital Swings into War Stride,”
New York Times
, December 9, 1941, 1; Belair to Hulburd,
War Comes to the US.
17
“Memoir, Mrs. Charles Hamlin,” December 7, 1941, John Toland Papers, Series V, Infamy, “December 7, 1941,” Box 126, FDRL; Gordon W. Prange,
December 7, 1941: The Day the Japanese Attacked Pearl Harbor
(New York: Wings Books, 1991), 248; Gallagher,
FDR's Splendid Deception
, 164â165; Frank L. Kluckhohn, “Unity in Congress,”
New York Times
, December 9, 1941, 1; Belair to Hulburd,
War Comes to the U.S.
“Memoir, Mrs. Charles Hamlin,” December 7, 1941, John Toland Papers, Series V, Infamy, “December 7, 1941,” Box 126, FDRL; Gordon W. Prange,
December 7, 1941: The Day the Japanese Attacked Pearl Harbor
(New York: Wings Books, 1991), 248; Gallagher,
FDR's Splendid Deception
, 164â165; Frank L. Kluckhohn, “Unity in Congress,”
New York Times
, December 9, 1941, 1; Belair to Hulburd,
War Comes to the U.S.
20
Louis M. Lyons, “Again a U.S. President Asks for Declaration of War,”
Boston Daily Globe
, December 8, 1941, 1.
Louis M. Lyons, “Again a U.S. President Asks for Declaration of War,”
Boston Daily Globe
, December 8, 1941, 1.
22
Ibid.
Ibid.
23
Ibid.
Ibid.
24
Murphy, “U.S. Declares War on Japs,” 1.
Murphy, “U.S. Declares War on Japs,” 1.
28
Murphy, “U.S. Declares War on Japs,” 1.
Murphy, “U.S. Declares War on Japs,” 1.
31
Kluckhohn, “Unity in Congress,” 1; Ernest Lindley, “The President in Crisis,”
Washington Post
, December 14, 1941, 7; Murphy, “U.S. Declares War on Japs,” 1.
Kluckhohn, “Unity in Congress,” 1; Ernest Lindley, “The President in Crisis,”
Washington Post
, December 14, 1941, 7; Murphy, “U.S. Declares War on Japs,” 1.
32
Audio Recording, “FDR's Address to Congress,” December 8, 1941, FDRL.
Audio Recording, “FDR's Address to Congress,” December 8, 1941, FDRL.
37
Ibid.
Ibid.
38
FDR to “For the Former Naval Person,” December 8, 1941, Map Room Papers, Warfare, Box 99, FDRL.
EpilogueFDR to “For the Former Naval Person,” December 8, 1941, Map Room Papers, Warfare, Box 99, FDRL.
1
John Mueller, “Pearl Harbor: Military Inconvenience, Political Disaster,”
International Security
(Winter 1991â1992): 172â203.
John Mueller, “Pearl Harbor: Military Inconvenience, Political Disaster,”
International Security
(Winter 1991â1992): 172â203.
3
“Minutes of the Special Meeting of the Advisory Board,” December 8, 1941, America First Committee Papers, Box 162, Hoover Institution on War, Revolution, and Peace; “Isolation Groups Back Roosevelt,”
New York Times
, December 9, 1941, 44; Kenneth Davis,
FDR: The War President
(New York: Random House, 2000), 348â349.
“Minutes of the Special Meeting of the Advisory Board,” December 8, 1941, America First Committee Papers, Box 162, Hoover Institution on War, Revolution, and Peace; “Isolation Groups Back Roosevelt,”
New York Times
, December 9, 1941, 44; Kenneth Davis,
FDR: The War President
(New York: Random House, 2000), 348â349.
7
Frank Freidel, “FDR vs. Hitler: American Foreign Policy, 1933â1941,”
Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society
(1987): 25â43.
Frank Freidel, “FDR vs. Hitler: American Foreign Policy, 1933â1941,”
Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society
(1987): 25â43.
8
Press Release, December 8, 1941, Official File, World War II, OF4675, Box 1, Franklin D. Roosevelt Library.
Press Release, December 8, 1941, Official File, World War II, OF4675, Box 1, Franklin D. Roosevelt Library.
10
Frank Freidel,
Franklin D. Roosevelt: A Rendezvous with Destiny
(New York: Little, Brown, 1990), 408.
Frank Freidel,
Franklin D. Roosevelt: A Rendezvous with Destiny
(New York: Little, Brown, 1990), 408.
11
Emily S. Rosenberg,
A Date Which Will Live: Pearl Harbor in American Memory
(Durham: Duke University Press, 2003), 174â176.
Emily S. Rosenberg,
A Date Which Will Live: Pearl Harbor in American Memory
(Durham: Duke University Press, 2003), 174â176.
12
“Proclamation 8089âNational Pearl Harbor Remembrance Day, 2006,”
Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents
, December 11, 2006, 2119â2120.
“Proclamation 8089âNational Pearl Harbor Remembrance Day, 2006,”
Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents
, December 11, 2006, 2119â2120.
INDEX
Acheson, Dean
Air attack, and White House security
Alarm system, and White House security
Alien Registration Act
Alien residents
Allies of World War II,.
See also individual countries
See also individual countries
America First Committee
Army (U.S.)
expansion of
Associated Press
Atlanta Journal
Atlantic Charter
Austin, Warren R.
Austria
Backdoor theory.
See also
Conspiracy theories
See also
Conspiracy theories
Barkley, Alben
Battle slogans
Battleship Row
Beardall, John
Belgium
Bellows airfield
Biddle, Francis
and cabinet war briefing
and Japanese Americans
Blackout, and White House security
Bland, W. H. P.
Blitzkrieg
strategy
strategy
Bloch, Claude
Bloom, Sol
Bomb barrier, and White House security
Bomb shelter, and White House security
Bomb threats, and White House security
Bombs, armor piercing
Borah, William
Bratton, Rufus
British Malaya
Bulletproof glass, and White House Security
Bullitt, William
Bureau of Engraving and Printing
Bush, George W.
California
Capone, Al
Casualties, of Pearl Harbor attack
and congressional leaders, FDR's address to
Censorship
Central America
China
occupation of
Churchill, Winston
and declaration of war against Germany
and declaration of war against Japan
and FDR, letters between
and FDR, meetings between
and FDR, phone calls between
and FDR's war address
and Hopkins
and Japan
radio messages of
and U.S. intervention
and war resolution (U.S.), passage of
Civil liberties violations
Clark Field
Cleveland, Grover
Clinton, Bill
Coca-Cola
Cocaine
Cocktail hour, in Oval Study
Code machines (Japanese), destruction of
Committee to Defend America by Aiding the Allies
Communications system
and White House security
Communism
Congress (U.S.)
FDR's address to
and war resolution, passage of
Congressional leaders, FDR's address to
Connally, Tom
Conspiracy theories
Constitution
Cooper, Jere
Counterattack
Cox, James
Creel, George
Custodial Detention Lists
Czechoslovakia
Daly, John
Damage reports
and congressional leaders, FDR's address to
and incomplete information
and misinformation and rumors
Deception
Declaration of war
against Germany
against Japan
against U.S.
and World War I,
Democratic Convention (1924), FDR's speech at
Democratic Convention (1928), FDR's speech at
Denmark
Destroyers-for-bases deal
DeWitt, John
Dingell, John
Dirksen, Everett
Dixon, Frank M.
Documents, of presidential administrations
Domestic terrorism
Donovan, William “Wild Bill,”
Earle, Mrs. John
Early, Steve
and cabinet war briefing
and damage reports
and damage reports, and misinformation and rumors
and press, censorship of
and reports of Pearl Harbor, attack on
and White House security
East Coast, and Japanese invasion, fear of
Eaton, Charles
Economic expansion (U.S.)
Election (1940)
Elizalde, Joaquim
Ellis Island
Embargo
Emergency Proclamation 2525
Ethiopia
Ewa airfield
Executive Order 9066
Export license
Fahy, Charles
Far East
FBI (Federal Bureau of Investigation)
FDR Library
Federal Bureau of Investigation.
See
FBI
See
FBI
Fire prevention, and White House security
Fireside chats.
See also
Radio messages
See also
Radio messages
First ladies, role of
Fish, Hamilton
Ford Island
Foreign Service officers
Formosa
Fourteen-part Japanese message
and fourteenth-part
France
defeat of
Franco, Francisco
Freud, Sigmund
Fuchida, Mitsuo
and surprise, element of
and tactical miscue
Gas masks, and White House security
Gaston, Herbert E.
Genda, Minoru (aka Mad Genda)
military strategy of
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