Qatar: Small State, Big Politics (30 page)

51
. Joseph Kostiner, “GCC Perceptions of Collective Security in the Post-Saddam Era,” in Mehran Kamrava, ed.,
International Politics of the Persian Gulf
(Syracuse, NY, 2011), 117.

52
. N. Janardhan,
Boom amid Gloom
(Reading, UK, 2011), 151.

53
. Ibid., 97.

54
. Steve A. Yetiv,
The Absence of Grand Strategy
(Baltimore, MD, 2008), 2–3.

55
. Ibid., 168.

56
. Kostiner, “GCC Perceptions of Collective Security in the Post-Saddam Era,” 108.

57
. Gause,
The International Relations of the Persian Gulf
, 6.

58
. Ulrichsen,
Insecure Gulf
, 26.

59
. Anoushiravan Ehteshami, “Security and Strategic Trends in the Middle East,” in David Held and Kristian Ulrichsen, eds.,
The Transformation of the Gulf
(London, 2012), 275.

60
. According to a 2009 cable sent from the US embassy in Cairo to Washington, DC, for example, former Egyptian president Hosni Mubarak not only had “a visceral hatred” for Iran and repeatedly referred to its leaders as “liars,” but he also saw Syrians and Qataris “as sycophants and as liars themselves.” Wikileaks, “Scenesetter for Requested Egyptian FM Aboul Gheit Meeting with the Secretary,” 9 February 2009, 09CAIRO231.

61
. N. Janardhan,
Boom amid Gloom
(Reading, UK, 2011), 148.

62
. Henry R. Nau,
Perspectives on International Relations,
2nd ed. (Washington, DC, 2006), 23.

63
. Tammen et al.,
Power Transition
, 6–7, 182.

64
. Ibid., 10.

65
. Ibid., 79.

66
. Gause, “The International Politics of the Gulf,” in Louis Fawcett, ed.
International Relations of the Middle East,
2nd ed. (Oxford, 2009), 282.

67
. Hunter,
Building Security in the Persian Gulf,
18.

68
. Yetiv,
The Absence of Grand Strategy
, 193–94.

69
. Gause,
The International Relations of the Persian Gulf,
86.

70
. Quoted in Hunter,
Building Security in the Persian Gulf,
16–17.

71
. Ibid., xi.

72
. Yetiv,
The Absence of Grand Strategy
, 147.

73
. Gause,
The International Relations of the Persian Gulf,
2. Gause is adamant that what drove America into Iraq was not, contrary to popular assumptions, oil. It was, rather, perceptions of threats to the United States emanating from the region, with Iraq, and Iran—two of the pillars of the “Axis of Evil”—as epicenters of threat. “This was not a ‘war for oil’ in any direct way,” he writes, and “it is remarkable how little the oil factor appears in the accounts of the Bush administration policy-making on the Iraq War” (238–239).

74
. Ulrichsen,
Insecure Gulf
, 28.

75
. United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, “The Gulf Security Architecture,” 2.

76
. Ibid., 4.

77
. Ibid., 3. The report goes on to recommend that the United States “should preserve the model of ‘lily pad’ bases throughout the Gulf, which permit rapid escalation of military force in case of emergency” (25).

78
. Ulrichsen,
Insecure Gulf
, 183.

79
. Michael C. Hudson, “The United States in the Middle East,” in Louis Fawcett, ed.,
International Relations of the Middle East.
2nd ed. (Oxford, 2009), 326.

80
. Davidson,
The Persian Gulf and Pacific Asia
, 1, 24, 21, 34, 40–41.

81
. Ibid., 9.

82
. Ibid., 13.

83
. Abboud, “Oil and Financialization in the Gulf Cooperation Council,” 97.

84
. Davidson,
The Persian Gulf and Pacific Asia
, 64–65.

85
. Ibid., 33.

86
. Janardhan,
Boom amid Gloom
, 159.

87
. Ulrichsen goes as far as to warn of “an emerging disconnect” between the Persian Gulf’s deepening economic linkages with the East and its political and security ties with the West. Ulrichsen,
Insecure Gulf
, 70–71.

88
. Davidson,
The Persian Gulf and Pacific Asia
, 30.

89
. Ibid., 28.

90
. Ibid., 18.

91
. Janardhan,
Boom amid Gloom
, 160.

92
. Vanessa Rossi, “Global Financial Markets,” in John Nugee and Paola Subacchi, eds.,
The Gulf Region
(London, 2008), 12.

93
. Daniel Hanna, “The Gulf’s Changing Financial Landscape,” in ibid., 109.

94
. Hanna insists that if there were greater cooperation and coordination among GCC policymakers, the region would have already become a major, thriving international financial hub. Ibid., 116.

95
. Ahmet Akarli, “The GCC,” in John Nugee and Paola Subacchi, eds.,
The Gulf Region
(London, 2008), 49.

96
. Ibid., 50.

97
. British Petroleum,
BP Statistical Review of World Energy, June 2011
, 6, 20.

98
. Akarli, “The GCC,” 51.

99
. Ibid.

100
. Ibid. 52.

101
. Mina Toksoz, “The GCC,” in John Nugee and Paola Subacchi, eds.,
The Gulf Region
(London, 2008), 81.

102
. Abboud, “Oil and Financialization in the Gulf Cooperation Council,” 96–97.

103
. Equally important has been the establishment of a number of independent regulatory agencies across a variety of sectors, especially in telecommunications, to better attract foreign investments. Mark Thatcher, “Governing Markets in the Gulf States,” in David Held and Kristian Ulrichsen, eds.,
The Transformation of the Gulf
(London, 2012), 140.

104
. Abboud, “Oil and Financialization in the Gulf Cooperation Council,” 101.

105
. Rachel Ziemba and Anton Malkin, “The GCC’s International Investment Dynamics,” in Bessama Momani and Matteo Legrenzi, eds.,
Shifting Geo-Economic Power of the Gulf
(Burlington, VT, 2011), 119.

106
. Martin Hvidt, “Economic Diversification in the Gulf Arab States,” in ibid., 43.

107
. Andrea Goldstein and Fabop Scacciavillani, “Financial Markets under Attack?” in ibid., 181.

108
. Abboud, “Oil and Financialization in the Gulf Cooperation Council,” 99.

109
. Diana Farrell and Susan Lund, “The World’s New Financial Power Brokers,”
The McKinsey Quarterly
. (December 2007), 4.

110
. Kristen Coats Ulrichsen, “The GCC States and the Shifting Balance of Global Power,” Center for International and Regional Studies, Georgetown University School of Foreign Service in Qatar,
Occasional Paper
, no. 6 (2010), 9.

111
. Ibid., 1.

112
. Ibid., 8.

113
. Held and Ulrichsen, “The Transformation of the Gulf,” 10.

114
. Martin Rivers, “Flying into the Unknown,”
The Gulf
, November 2011, 43.

115
. Hvidt, “Economic Diversification in the Gulf Arab States,” 52.

116
. FDI Intelligence,
FDI Global Outlook Report 2011
(London, 2011), 18, 20.

117
. Mary Ann Tetrault, “Gulf Arab States’ Investment of Oil Revenues,” in Bessama Momani and Matteo Legrenzi, eds.,
Shifting Geo-Economic Power of the Gulf
(Burlington, VT, 2011), 20.

118
. Ibid., 14.

119
. Bessma Momani, “Shifting Gulf Arab Investments in the Mashreq: Underlying Political Economy Rationals?” in Bessama Momani and Matteo Legrenzi, eds.,
Shifting Geo-Economic Power of the Gulf
(Burlington, VT, 2011), 161.

120
. Florence Eid, “The New Face of Arab Investment,” in John Nugee and Paola Subacchi, eds.,
The Gulf Region
(London, 2008), 73–75.

121
. “Qatar to Pay $1.25bn to Jordan through GCC Fund,” 10 June 2012,
http://www.zawya.com
.

122
. Luciani, “Oil and Political Economy in the International Relations of the Middle East,” 98.

123
. Momani, “Shifting Gulf Arab Investments in the Mashreq,” 167.

124
. For a series of empirically based treatments of the topic, see Mehran Kamrava and Zahra Babar, eds.,
Migrant Labor in the Persian Gulf
(New York, 2012).

125
. John Chalcraft, “Migration Politics in the Arabian Peninsula,” in David Held and Kristian Ulrichsen, eds.,
The Transformation of the Gulf
(London, 2012), 80.

126
. Ulrichsen, “The GCC States and the Shifting Balance of Global Power,” 6.

127
. Luciani, “Oil and Political Economy in the International Relations of the Middle East,” 100.

128
. Fred Lawson, “Security Dilemmas in the Contemporary Persian Gulf,” in Mehran Kamrava, ed.,
International Politics of the Persian Gulf
(Syracuse, NY, 2011), 51.