Qatar: Small State, Big Politics (37 page)

57
. See Mehran Kamrava, “Royal Factionalism and Political Liberalization in Qatar.”
Middle East Journal
63, no. 3 (Summer 2009), 401–420.

58
. Crystal,
Oil and Politics in the Gulf
, 162.

59
. Independence Day, 3 September—the date of Qatar’s formal independence from Britain in 1971—has now been eclipsed by the National Day.

60
. Ahmed Abdelkareem Saif, “Deconstructing before Building,” in Anoushiravan Ehteshami and Steven Wright, eds.,
Reform in the Middle East Oil Monarchies
(Reading, UK, 2008), 110.

61
. “43 Percent Cast Ballot in CMC Poll,”
Peninsula
(Doha), 11 May 2011, p. 1.

62
. “On Hold: Parliament Polls Not Likely in ′08,”
Peninsula
, 28 February 2008, p. 1.

63
. “Emir Opens Advisory Council Session,”
Gulf Times
, 2 November 2011, p. 11.

64
. Michael Herb, “Princes, Parliaments, and the Prospects for Democracy in the Gulf,” in Marsha Pripstein Posusney and Michele Penner Angrist, eds.,
Authoritarianism in the Middle East
(Boulder, CO, 2005), 180.

65
. Max Weber,
On Charisma and Institution Building
(Chicago, IL, 1968), 46.

66
. Juan J. Linz,
Totalitarian and Authoritarian Regimes
(Boulder, CO, 2000), 159.

67
. Ibid., 162.

68
. Ibid., 152.

69
. Daniel Brumberg, “The Trap of Liberalized Autocracy,”
Journal of Democracy
13, no. 4 (October 2002), 57–58.

70
. Ibid., 61.

71
. For an elaboration of this line of argument, see Mehran Kamrava, “Non-Democratic States and Political Liberalisation in the Middle East,”
Third World Quarterly
19, no. 1 (March 1998), especially 76–82.

72
. Lisa Anderson, “Absolutism and the Resilience of Monarchy in the Middle East,”
Political Science Quarterly
106, no. 1 (Spring 1991), 13.

73
. Ibid., 12.

74
. Nonneman, “Political Reform in the Gulf Monarchies,” 22.

75
. Hinnebusch, “Toward a Historical Sociology of State Formation in the Middle East,” 208.

76
. Adam Hanieh,
Capitalism and Class in the Arab Gulf States
(New York, 2011), 60–66.

77
. Miriam R. Lowi,
Oil Wealth and the Poverty of Politics
(Cambridge, 2009), 43.

78
. Stephen J. King,
The New Authoritarianism in the Middle East and North Africa
(Bloomington, IN, 2009), 192.

79
. Herb,
All in the Family
, 10.

80
. Ibid., 49–50.

81
. Crystal,
Oil and Politics in the Gulf
, 167.

82
. Michael Mann,
The Sources of Social Power
(Cambridge, 1993), 9–10.

83
. Alsharekh, “Introduction,” 15.

84
. Ayubi,
Over-Stating the Arab State
, 242.

85
. For more on differences between different kinds of rentier states in the Persian Gulf, see Mehran Kamrava, “The Political Economy of Rentierism in the Persian Gulf,” in Mehran Kamrava, ed.,
The Political Economy of the Persian Gulf
(New York, 2012), 39–68.

86
. This is the highest per capita GDP in the Persian Gulf and indeed in the world. For a comparative analysis, see ibid., 59.

87
. Steffan Hertog and Giacomo Luciani, “Energy and Sustainability Policies in the GCC,” (Kuwait Programme in Development, Governance and Globalisation in the Gulf States: Center for the Study of Global Governance, 2009), 4.

88
. World Wildlife Fund,
Living Planet Report 2012
(Gland, Switzerland, 2012), 43, 47.

89
. The interview is available at
http://www.cbsnews.com/video/watch/?id=7395216n
.

90
. General Secretariat of Development Planning,
Building an Effective Social Protection System
(Doha, 2011), 3.

91
. Ibid., 15.

92
. Matthew Gray, “A Theory of ‘Late Rentierism’,” Center for International and Regional Studies, Georgetown University School of Foreign Service in Qatar,
Occasional Paper.
No. 7, 2011, p. 19.

93
. Ibid., 33.

94
. Ibid., 23.

95
. Seznec, “Changing Circumstances,” in Alanound Alsharekh, ed.,
The Gulf Family
(London, 2007), 80–81.

96
. J. E. Peterson, “Rulers, Merchants and Shaikhs in Gulf Politics,” in ibid., 30.

97
. Laurence Louer,
Transitional Shia Politics
(New York, 2008), 10.

98
. For the efforts of one of the country’s largest employers, Qatar Petroleum, to spearhead Qatarization, see
http://www.qatarization.com.qa
.

99
. General Secretariat of Development Planning,
Qatar National Vision 2030
(Doha, 2008), 4.

100
. “HH the Emir Inaugurates Imam Muhammad Ibn Abdul Wahhab Mosque,” Qatar News Agency, 16 December 2011.

101
. Royal palaces are also discreetly situated outside of the city, again unlike most other regional capitals, and royal displays of ostentatious wealth are often carefully avoided.

102
. See James C. Scott,
Seeing Like a State
(New Haven, CT, 1998); and Charles Tilly, “War Making and State Making as Organized Crime,” in Peter R. Evans, Dietrich Rueschemeyer, and Theda Skocpol, eds.,
Brining the State Back In
(Cambridge, 1985), 169–191. I am grateful to Robert Wirsing for his thoughts on this particular topic and for bringing these references to my attention.

103
. Wikileaks, “The Move toward an Interagency Synchronization.”

104
. An exception was Sultan Al-Khalaifi, a blogger and former secretary general of Alkarama, an Arab human rights organization based in Geneva. Al-Khalaifi was arrested in early March 2011, presumably for his blogs, which were soon deleted from the Internet. He was released after spending a month in prison.

105
. See the chapters on Iran, Turkey, and the Arab world in Ali Farazmand, ed.,
Administrative Reform in Developing Nations
(Westport, CT, 2001), respectively chapters 8, 9, and 10.

106
. Herb,
All in the Family
, 55–56.

5. State Capacity and High Modernism

1
. Theda Skocpol, “Bringing the State Back In,” in Peter B. Evans, Dietrich Rueschemeyer, and Theda Skocpol, eds.,
Bringing the State Back In
(Cambridge, 1985), 9. For a more thorough definition of state capacity, see Kjeld Erik Brodsgaard and Susan Young, “Introduction,” in Kjeld Erik Brodsgaard and Susan Young, eds.
State Capacity in East Asia
(Oxford, 2000), 1–16.

2
. British Petroleum,
BP Statistical Review of World Energy, June 2011
, 8.

3
. Ibid., 22.

4
. Pratap John, “Qatar GDP Hits Record QR628bn,”
Gulf Times
(Doha), 26 February 2012, 1.

5
. Jean-François Seznec, “The Gulf Sovereign Wealth Funds,”
Middle East Policy
15, no. 2 (Summer 2008), 103.

6
. Sovereign Wealth Fund Institute, “Qatar Investment Authority,”
http://www.swfinstitute.org/swfs/qatar-investment-authority/
.

7
. Qatar Investment Authority,
http://www.qia.qa/qia/index.html
.

8
. “Qatar Economy to Soar 18%,” 21 May 2011,
http:// www.zawya.com
. In 2011, one local economist went as far as to put the rate of economic growth at 33.8 percent. See “Qatar Growth Expected to Be 33.8pc,” 18 July 2011,
http://www.zawya.com
.

9
. “Qatar to Spend $150bn on Infrastructure, Spanish Businessmen Told,” 26 October 2011,
http://www.zawya.com
; and “$225B Bonanza,” 29 March 2011,
http://www.zawya.com
.

10
. “Qatar: Budget Surplus for First Half to Be QR50bn,” 5 July 2011,
http://www.zawya.com
.

11
. “Qatar Exchange Index up 20pc in First Half This Year,” 21 July 2011,
http://www.zawya.com
.

12
. “Dubai Loses Financial Center Crown to Doha,” 27 September 2011,
http://www.zawya.com
.

13
. Soumitra Dutta, ed.,
The Global Innovation Index 2012
(Fontainebleau, 2012), 8.

14
. “Qatar Plans to Build World’s Tallest Tower,” 22 April 2011,
http://www.zawya.com
.

15
. On the state’s welfare policies aimed at the citizen population, see Mehran Kamrava, “Royal Factionalism and Political Liberalization in Qatar,”
Middle East Journal
63, no. 3 (Summer 2009), 406–407.

16
. For example, in 2010 the state-owned real estate development company Qatari Diar was estimated to have $42 billion in assets under management, with investments in Qatar, the United Kingdom, Italy, Oman, Morocco, Egypt, Syria, Sudan, and Seychelles. Sovereign Wealth Fund Institute, “Qatar Investment Authority.”