Qatar: Small State, Big Politics (35 page)

88
. Christopher Blanchard, “Qatar,”
Congressional Research Service,
May 16, 2011, pp. 9–10.

89
. Adam Entous and Julian E. Barnes, “Pentagon Bulks up US Defenses in the Gulf,”
Wall Street Journal
, 17 July 17, p. 1.

90
. Wikileaks, “Scensetter for U.S.-Qatari Military Consultative Commission.”

91
. Wikileaks, “Crown Prince on Qatar’s Relations with Iran,” 15 July 2009, 09DOHA454.

92
. Peterson, “Qatar and the World,” 746.

93
. Van Ham, “The Rise of the Branded State,” 2–3.

94
. Peterson, “Qatar and the World,” 746–747. As Peterson observes (746), “few countries seem to have taken the lessons and importance of branding to heart more thoroughly than Qatar.”

95
. According to Qatar Foundation’s director of public relations, the multimillion dollar, global “think campaign” is “designed to raise the profile of Qatar Foundation’s vision, mission and objectives.” Haya Khalifa Al Nassr, “Unlocking Inner Potential,”
Foundation
, September 2009, p. 2.

96
. Angela Shah, “Qatari Spearheads Effort to Education 61 Million Children,”
International Herald Tribune
, 19 November 2012, p. 14.

97
. Bahry, “The New Arab Media Phenomenon,”
Middle East Policy
3, no. 2 (June 2001), 89.

98
. Ibid., 91.

99
. Hugh Miles,
Al-Jazeera
(New York, 2005), 37–46.

100
. Ibid., 63–65.

101
. Alan Cowell, “Al Jazeera: From Network, to a Bush Target, to Courts,”
New York Times
, 11 January 2006, 12.

102
. Olivier Da Lage, “The Politics of Al Jazeera or the Diplomacy of Doha,” in Mohamed Zayani, ed.,
The Al Jazeera Phenomenon
(London, 2005), 49.

103
. Shibley Telhami,
2010 Arab Public Opinion Poll
(Washington, DC, 2010), 77–78.

104
. See, for example, Hugh Miles, “Al Jazeera.”
Foreign Policy,
no. 155 (July-August 2006), 20–24.

105
. “Al-Jazeera Live Chief Says Channel ‘Experienced Rebirth’ since Arab Spring,” BBC Monitoring Middle East, 3 November 2011.

106
. Asaf Siniver, “Power, Impartiality and Timing,”
Political Studies
54, no. 4 (2006), 808.

107
. Alan Henrikson, “Niche Diplomacy in the World Public Arena,” in Jan Melissen, ed.,
The New Public Diplomacy
(New York, 2007), 1.

108
. R. Green, “Solving the Darfur Crisis: The U.S. Prefers Qatar to Egypt as Mediator,” MEMRI, 19 August 2009,
http://www.memri.org/report/en/0/0/0/0/0/0/3572.htm
.

109
. For a firsthand account of the secret negotiations that led to the Oslo Accords, see Jan Egeland, “The Oslo Accords: Multiparty Facilitation through the Norwegian Channel,” in Chester A. Croker, Fen Osler-Hampson, and Pamela Aall, eds.,
Herding Cats
(Washington, DC, 1999), 529–546.

110
. For Egyptian and Saudi foreign policies, see, respectively, Raymond Hinnebusch, “The Foreign Policy of Egypt,” and F. Gregory Gause, III. “The Foreign Policy of Saudi Arabia,” both in Raymond Hinnebusch and Anoushiravan Ehteshami, eds.,
The Foreign Policies of Middle East States
(Boulder, CO, 2002), 91–114 and 193–211.

111
. G. R. Berridge,
Diplomacy
(New York, 2010), 239.

112
. R. P. Barston,
Modern Diplomacy
(London, 2006), 239.

113
. Saadia Touval, “Mediation and Foreign Policy,”
International Studies Review
5, no. 4 (2003), 92.

114
. Barston,
Modern Diplomacy,
240.

115
. See, for example, Reuters, “Qatar Pulls Off Mediation Coup in Lebanon Crisis,” 22 May 2008,
http://uk.reuters.com/article/idUKL2274043520080522
.

116
. Paul Wilkinson,
International Relations
(London, 2010), 13.

117
. For a fuller discussion of Qatari mediation efforts in Lebanon and elsewhere, see Mehran Kamrava, “Mediation and Qatari Foreign Policy,”
Middle East Journal
65, no. 4 (Autumn 2011), 539–556.

118
. Christopher Portman, “The Economic Significance of Sovereign Wealth Funds,”
Economic Outlook
32, no. 1 (January 2008), 26.

119
. In the words of an international banker, “from the time kings invested in building pyramids, raising armies and bankrolling explorers, sovereign wealth attracted political controversy.” Gordon Platt, “Sovereign Wealth Funds Prepare to Take More Active Role in M&A,”
Global Finance
(October 2009), 107.

120
. Jean-Francois Seznec, “The Sovereign Wealth Funds of the Persian Gulf,” in Mehran Kamrava, ed.,
The Political Economy of the Persian Gulf
(New York, 2012), 69–70.

121
. Balding, “A Portfolio Analysis of Sovereign Wealth Funds,” in Renee S. Fry, Warwick J. McKibbin, and Justin O’Brien, eds.
Sovereign Wealth
(London, 2011), 61.

122
. Seznec, “The Sovereign Wealth Funds of the Persian Gulf,” 72. In April 2012, a QIA official put the size of the fund at “much more” than $100 billion. “Qatar Sovereign Fund Exceeds $100 Billion: Top Official,” 22 April 2012,
http://www.zawya.com
.

123
. Balding, “A Portfolio Analysis of Sovereign Wealth Funds,” 66.

124
. Quoted in Platt, “Sovereign Wealth Funds Prepare to Take More Active Role in M&A,” 107.

125
. Ibid., 108.

126
. Hamdan, “Qatar Shows Its Faith in Europe,”
International Herald Tribune
, 15 September 2011, p. M2.

127
. Qatar is estimated to have supplied the Libyan rebels with $400 million worth of arms and military training. See United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, “The Gulf Security Architecture” Majority Staff Report, June 19, 2012, p. 16. See below, chapter 6.

128
. Anonymous, “Qatar to Buy Tunisia’s backing for NTC?”
Maghreb Confidential
, 7 July 2011.

129
. “Qatari Investment in Libya Accounting for around USD 10 Billion,” 4 December 2011,
http://www.zawya.com
.

130
. Omar Al-Halabi, “Lebanon, Qatar to Announce Joint Committee, Agreements—Qassar,” Kuwait News Agency, 28 April 2010.

131
. Anwar Elshamy, “Qatari Diar Launches $350mn Project in Syria,”
Gulf Times
, 28 February 2008, p. 1.

132
. Hamdan, “Qatar Shows Its Faith in Europe,” p. M2.

133
. Patrick Hosking, “Qatar Wealth Fund Moves to Bolster Stake in Brazil Bank,”
Times
, 19 October 2010, p. 45.

134
. Santhous V. Perumal, “QIA Has $30bn to Invest This Year,”
Gulf Times
, 23 April 2012, p. 1.

135
. Cahal Milmo, “Qatar, the Tiny Gulf State That Bought the World,”
Independent
, 11 May 2010, p. 22.

136
. “Qatar’s European Investments Yield QR2.3bn,” 8 May 2011,
http://www.zawya.com
; Martin Flanagan, “Qatar on Pole Position as It Plans Swoop Fir Stake in Second Major UK Bank,”
Scotsman
, 20 June 2011, p. 34.

137
. Dominic O’Neill, “Sovereign Funds: Qatar Invests in Indonesia,”
Euromoney
, January 2008, 52.

138
. Sven Behrendt, “When Money Talks: Arab Sovereign Wealth Funds in the Global Policy Discourse,”
Carnegie Papers
, October 2008, 13.

139
. Christian Hetzner and John Irish, “Qatar Tops Up War Chest by Selling VW Pref Shares,” Thomson Reuters, 10 November 2009,
http://thomsonreuters.com
.

140
. Wikileaks, “Qatar Investment Authority’s 2010 Investment Strategy Outlined,” 25 November 2009, 09DOHA691.

141
. Dominic O’Neill, “Qatar: Minister Says Sovereign Funds Are Transparent,”
Euromoney
, November 2007, 58.

142
. O’Neill, “Sovereign Funds,” 52.

143
. “Qatari Diar Committed to Halted Projs in Troubled Syria,” 5 May 2011,
http://www.zawya.com
; Julia Kollewe. “Qatari Power: Emirate Enjoys Rich Pickings in London Property,”
Guardian
, 15 June 2010, p. 6.

144
. Platt, “Sovereign Wealth Funds Prepare to Take More Active Role in M&A,” 107.

145
. Kollewe, “Qatari Power,” 6.

146
. David Jackson, “Less Noise from Leveraged Wealth Funds,”
Euromoney
, November 2008, 50.

147
. Anonymous, “Sovereign Wealth Funds,”
Euromoney
, February 2008, 30.

148
. Ben Chu, “Qatar Swoops for Greek Assets as Europe Looks Abroad for Help,”
Independent
, 3 October 2011, p. 30; Matthew Saltmarsh, “Greece in a Deal for Investment from Qatar,”
New York Times
, 25 September 2010, p. 2.

149
. “Qatar Acquires 5.2% Stake in US Jewelry Giant,” 20 April 2012,
http://www.zawya.com
.

150
. “Qatar Top Sovereign Europe Property Buyer with 6 Weeks Gas Cash,” 17 August 2012,
http://www.zawya.com
.

151
. “Qatar’s European Investments Yield QR2.3bn.”

152
. “Qatari Diar $543.8m Investment Set to Create 4000 Jobs for Egyptians,” 23 October 2011,
http://www.zawya.com
.