Resistance (42 page)

Kanal, Israel, attempted assassination by,
72
–73

Kaplan, Chaim, description of anti-Semitism,
27

Kaplan, Yosef,
72
,
163
,
165

Karski, Jan

on assistance from non-Jews,
189
–190

call for common alliance,
184
–185

call to honor attempts to save Jews,
186
–187

collection of evidence by,
185

compassion for underground workers,
188

death of,
190

denouncement of anti-Semitism,
185

early life of,
182
,
183

informs world leaders of Jewish annihilation,
186
,
187
,
188

insistence of world-wide Holocaust knowledge,
190

photo of,
189

as professor at Georgetown University,
188
–189

recognition by Yad Vashem,
183

torture by Gestapo,
185

work as courier,
163

work in Washington, D.C.,
188
–189

Katyn Forest, mass graves in,
181

Kerski, Jan.
See
Karski, Jan

kibbutzim, in Warsaw ghetto,
162
,
163

Kielar, Wieslaw

description of Kommando uprising,
142
–143

memoirs of,
210
n50

removal from Auschwitz,
143

Kielce, Poland,
105

Klener, Yankel, election as Commander,
37

Klooga concentration camp, Julek Frohlich's death in,
61

Koch, Eugen,
138

Kolo, Poland,
22
–23

Kommando revolt,
135
–138,
142
–144

Kommandos

duties at Auschwitz,
127
–128

eagerness to fight,
132
–134

interrogation over rebellion plans,
137

murder of,
133
–134

work with underground,
131
–132

Kosovo,
93
,
97

Kovner, Aba,
6

Kozibrodzka, Lea,
178

Kozilbrodzka, Lonka,
123

Krakow, Poland, persecution of Polish elites in,
160

Krakow ghetto,
102

Krakowski, Shmuel, on AK claim of assistance,
184

Krasnaja Gorka,
115
–116

Kronika
(historical text),
82

Krzemienice, Poland,
15

Kulka, Moshe, transfer to Auschwitz,
130

Kurland, Zvi,
152

Langbein, Hermann,
126
,
133

Laniewska, Katarzyna, transfer to Auschwitz,
123

Lanzmann, Claude,
189

Latvia, Nazi collaboration in,
3

Laufer, Yehuda,
130
–132

Lazower, Henryka, submission to deportation,
68

leadership, role in resistance,
5

Leczynski, Lolek,
22
–24

Lejkin, Yakov,
65
,
73

Lejtman, Shlomo,
154

Levi, Primo, opposition to “banality of evil,”
11

Lida ghetto,
74
,
110

Ligeti, Herta.
See
Fuchs, Herta

“like sheep to the slaughter,” origin of phrase,
6

Lipiczanska forest,
120

Lithuania, Nazi collaboration in,
3
,
90

Lodz ghetto

construction of,
52

liquidation of,
193

“Mrs. Mokrska” House Committee work,
63
–64

Sara Zyskind's experience in,
56
–57

Lubartow ghetto, transfer of Kamionka Jews to,
34
–35

Lubetkin, Cywia, assistance to ghetto escapees,
175

Lubetkin, Zivia, work with
Å»
OB,
72
,
163

Lublin ghetto,
74

Madejsker, Sonia, work as courier,
178

Mafia organizations,
149
–150

Marchwinski, Jozef,
119

Margolis, Ala,
196

Margolis, Anna,
194
–195

Markow, Fiodor, betrayal by,
119
–120

Masarek, Rudi, resistance efforts of,
147

Mechlis, Michal, plan to save Bielski partisans,
115
–116

Meed, Shlomo,
52
,
56

Meed, Vladka

chronic hunger of,
57

identification card of,
168

photo of,
51

recollection of ghetto lecture,
58
–59

view of women's roles in ghettos,
55
–56

“menashke,”
131

Mengele, Josef,
124

Miete, Kütner,
151

Mila 18

collective suicide at,
81
,
176
–177

German discovery of,
176

relocation of
Å»
OB headquarters to,
173

Milaszewski, Kasper,
115

Miller, Stefan, death by suicide,
68

Minsk ghetto,
109

Mir ghetto,
89

“missing Jews” of Skarzyn,
29
–30

money-for-passports exchange scheme,
177
–178

Monowitz.
See
Auschwitz

moral effects, of Jewish resistance,
10

Morczak, Wladyslaw,
68
,
83

Moscow University,
24

Nalibocka forest,
113
,
114
–115

Narodowe Sily Zbrojne.
See
National Armed Forces

National Armed Forces (NSZ),
42
,
115
,
157

Nationalist Party

anti-Semitism of,
42
,
184

and Polish government-in-exile,
183

and Polish underground,
25

Nazi General Government, Polish government-in-exile and,
183

New Year's Manifesto (1942),
6

Nirenska, Pola,
189

Nossig, Alfred, assassination of,
73

Novogrodek ghetto,
74

Nowolipki Street, Oneg Shabbat archives at,
71

NSZ.
See
National Armed Forces

Nuremberg Trials (1947–48),
2

Okinowo,
93

Oneg Shabbat,
49
,
62
,
66
,
68
,
70
–71

orphanages, deportation to Treblinka,
69
–70

Oswiencin concentration camp.
See
Auschwitz

Pajewski, Theodor,
69

Pankiewicz, Tadeusz,
102
,
207
n20

Paris revolt (1944),
13

partisan movement

effect on Jewish morale,
40

formation of,
39

inclusion of Jews in,
40

Jewish partisans,
43
–46

value placed on professionals,
91
,
100
,
206
n12

See also
Bielski Jewish partisan group; Soviet partisans; Vilna Partisan Organization

passing (as non-Jews),
20

passive vs. active fighting,
20
–21

Pawiak prison,
83
,
123

Peasant Party,
25
,
183

physicians

need for,
96

in partisan groups,
91
,
100
,
206
n12

Pieczorski, Alexander,
155
–156,
157

Pilecki, Witold,
125
,
129
,
130

Platon (Soviet General),
113
–114,
118

“the pleasure of the Sabbath.”
See
Oneg Shabbat

Poalei Zion Left party,
47
,
107
–108

Podgorze ghetto,
102

Podlesie, Poland,
28

Polesie, Poland,
107

Polish army, support of Polish underground,
25

Polish elites

hiding in Jewish ghettos,
88
–89

Hitler's determination to destroy,
181

imprisonment in Auschwitz,
124
,
125

as most threatened population,
17

persecution by Einsatzgruppen,
26

persecution in Krakow,
160

refusal to heed warnings,
89

removal during Aktions,
86
–87

Polish Foreign Service,
183

Polish forests,
41
–44

Polish government-in-exile

basic principles of,
42
,
183

Jan Karski's view of,
183
–184

lack of concern for Jewish people,
184

political movements included in,
42
,
183

Stalin's abandonment of,
181

use of former army officers,
25

Polish Jews, school admission quotas,
15

Polish officers

murder by USSR,
181

saved by underground,
160

work with AK,
125

Polish Peasant Party,
42

Polish Socialist Party (PPS)

Antoni Zieleniewski as member,
22

response to deportations,
72

support of
Å»
egota,
20

Zygmunt Rytel as member of,
16
–19

Polish underground

protection of former Polish officers,
25

summer of 1943 success of,
27

varied political ties of,
126

work of Jan Karski in,
182
–183

Polish Workers Party (PPR), cooperation with Jewish partisans,
44
–45

Polska Partia Robotnicza.
See
Polish Workers Party

Polska Partia Socjalistyczna.
See
Polish Socialist Party

Ponary, mass shootings at,
166

Ponmarenko, Pantileimon,
39

Porat, Dina, on Kovner statement,
6
–7

PPR.
See
Polish Workers Party

PPS.
See
Polish Socialist Party

prisoners of war (POWs), execution by German Army,
84

procreation prohibition,
60
–61

Pruszkov forest,
90

Rabinowicz, Hannah,
110
–112

Rada Glówna Opieku
ż
cza.
See
Central Welfare Council

Radom,
105

Rather Die Fighting: A Memoir of World War II
(Bleichman),
46

Raysko, Poland,
136

religious observances, prohibitions to,
58

Remba, Nachum,
69
–70

Resilience and Courage
(Tec),
194

resilience vs. resistance,
4
,
15

resistance

conditions necessary for,
4

definition of,
4
,
13

importance of strategic base to,
5

multiplicity of forms,
12
–13,
196

need for cooperation in,
4
,
130

resistance groups.
See
Jewish resistance

Reuerstin, Regina,
175

RGO.
See
Central Welfare Council

Ribbentrop-Molotov Agreement, Stalin's pressure to honor,
41

Ringelblum, Emanuel

anguish over fate of Jewish children,
61
–62

arrest/execution of,
83

contribution to history by,
49
,
70
–71,
72
,
82
–83,
83

dedication/self-sacrifice of,
48

description of women's lives,
50
–51

disappearance of,
68

on food allocation/smuggling,
64
–65

photo of,
48

praise of couriers,
158

refusal to flee German invasion,
47
–49

return to Grojecka Street bunker,
69

study of Jewish women,
62
–63

on tragic deaths in ghetto,
65
–66

tribute to ghetto activists,
63

view of Adam Czerniakow,
68

view of Jewish history,
14

Ringelblum, Judyta,
68
,
83

Ringelblum, Uri,
68
,
83

Rizyszczyce, Poland,
122

Robota, Roza

execution of,
142

photos of,
127
,
134

refusal to divulge information,
138
,
139
,
140
–141

speaks to Zippi Spitzer-Tichauer,
140
–141

work with underground,
131
–132,
134
–135,
140
–141

Roniker, Jerzy,
160

Rosblat, Lutek, assistance to ghetto escapees,
175

Rotkopf, Tonia, description of German kindness,
193
–194

Rotman, Lutek,
172
,
174

Rotman, Maria,
172
,
175

Rozycka, Marylka, work as courier,
180

Rudashevski, Yitskhok,
54
–55,
59

Rufeisen, Oswald,
89

Russian casualties, in German captivity,
39

Rytel, Zygmunt

on anti-Semitism,
21
–22

determination to fight suffering,
18

early life of,
15
–17