Resistance (43 page)

imprisonment in Auschwitz,
17
–18

on motivation of youth,
21

murder of brother by German officer,
17
–18

photo of (1966),
19

recognition by Yad Vashem,
17

view of Jews he helped,
18

work in films,
20

work with underground,
18
–19,
20
,
22

schools.
See
education

Schupper, Hela

early life of,
171
–172

escape from Warsaw ghetto,
174
–176

photo of,
171

reaction to Mila 18 suicides,
177

relationship with Lutek Rotman,
172

survival of,
178

work as courier,
172

Schutzstaffel (SS)

July 1942 Aktion,
86

removal of Polish elites by,
89
,
181

routine murder of Jewish civilians by,
26

Secret Arms Organization (TOB),
154

self-reliance, role in resilience,
4

Serafinski, Tomasz.
See
Pilecki, Witold

Sereny, Gitta,
145

“service givers,”
95

Shefet, Zvi

acceptance of father's work assignments,
87

anti-Semitism endured by,
107

break-up of family unit,
92
–93

description of Slonim takeover,
85
–86

and partisan groups,
91
–92,
93
,
107

refusal to leave family,
87
–88

Shefet family

attempts to join partisan group,
91
–92

division in,
92
–93

escape from Slonim ghetto,
90
–91

losses in Aktions,
88

Shoah
(film), Jan Karski's view of,
189

Sicherheitsdienst (SD), murder of Jewish civilians by,
26

Sikorski, Wladyslaw,
100
–102,
104
,
207
n18

Silverstein, Leah

description of starvation,
161
–162,
164
–165

description of Warsaw ghetto,
161

early life of,
159

life on the Aryan side,
167
–168

obtains guns for underground,
169
–170

photo of,
161

relationship with Jurek Wilner,
165
–166

watches Warsaw ghetto burning,
167

work as courier,
170
–171

Skarzyn, Poland, “missing Jews” of,
28
–29

Skarzysko Kamienna, Poland,
170

Slapak, Cecylia, study of Jewish women,
62
–63

Slonim, Poland,
85
–87

Slonim ghetto

burning of,
90

deportations from,
74

hiding places in,
88
,
90

Mina Volkowisky in,
95
–97

SS Aktion in,
88

Smolar, Hersh

aids other escapees,
110

assists Bielski partisans,
113
–114

as devout communist,
107
–108

discusses partisan duties,
118
–119

escape from Minsk ghetto,
109
–110

establishes Minsk underground,
109

imprisonment in Poland,
108

meets Tuvia Bielski,
113

move to Kiev,
108

refusal to leave Poland,
109

saved by General Platon,
113

view of Atlas Icheskel,
121

view of Tuvia Bielski,
121

Sobibor concentration camp

number of deaths at,
153

solidarity in,
153
–154

Soviet POWs at,
154
–155

underground movement at,
154

Socialist Party,
25
,
42
,
183

Soldatenheimat,
168

solidarity

importance in survival,
146
–148,
149
,
196

in Sobibor camp,
153
–154

Sonderkommandos.
See
Kommandos

Soviet Army

approach to Auschwitz,
133

collapse of divisions in,
39

ethnic makeup of,
84

failure to hold Slonim,
85
–86

Soviet-German friendship treaty,
39

Soviet-German war

collapse of Red Army divisions,
39
,
84

German defeat at Stalingrad,
41

Soviet-occupied Polish territories, as haven for Jews,
48
–49,
50
,
184

Soviet partisan movement

anti-Semitism in,
93
,
98
,
107

cruelty of,
99
–100

ethnic tolerance of,
41

infanticide in,
207
n17

lack of attacks upon Germans by,
85

motivation of,
84
–85

Stalin's politicizing of,
41

view of ghetto escapees,
85

women's participation in,
94
–95

Soviet-Polish cooperation,
106
,
117

Soviet Union

attempts to organize partisans,
85

denial of Polish officers murders,
181

refusal of Zionist entry,
122

Spitzer-Tichauer, Helen (Zippi), work with underground,
139
–141

SS.
See
Schutzstaffel

Stalin, political agenda of,
41
,
181
–182

Stangl, Franz,
145

Starachowice, Poland,
171

Star of David, wearing of,
27
,
87

starvation, Leah Silverstein's description of,
161
–162,
164
–165.
see also
food

Story of a Secret State
(Karski),
188

Stroop, Jurgen,
81
,
205
n86

Sudouwicz, Israel,
152

suicide

as alternative to capture,
173

euthanasia of Warsaw orphans,
195

as honorable death,
81

as response to deportation,
67
–68

survivors, attitude of “rich” vs. “poor,”
18

Swietokrzycka Street, Oneg Shabbat archives at,
71

Szafirstein, Regina,
137
,
138
–139,
142

Szczara River,
85

Szengut, Tuwia (Tadek),
168
–169

Szerynski, Jozef,
72
–73,
73

Szternfeld,
70

Szwajger, Adina,
194
–196

Tarnow underground,
169

Tec, Nechama

Defiance: The Bielski Partisans
,
110

meeting with Antoni Zieleniewski,
22
–31

meeting with Ephraim Bleichman,
32
–46

meeting with Richard Glazar,
144
–145

meeting with Tuvia Bielski,
110

meeting with Zygmunt Rytel,
16
–22

Resilience and Courage
,
194

Tennenbaum, Mordechai,
123

Teresianstadt ghetto,
149

They Fought Back
(Ainsztein),
14

TOB.
See
Secret Arms Organization

Tolman-Zlotnicki, Hadassah,
131

topography, effect on resistance efforts,
5

Trap with a Green Fence, The
(Glazar),
145

Trawinki concentration camp,
68
–69

Treblinka

deportations from Warsaw ghetto to,
67
–69

Julian Chorazycki's work in,
150

prisoner escape from,
156
–157

rebellion at,
144
–145,
147
,
151
–152,
155
–157

Richard Glazar's memories of,
145
–149

Trunk, Isaiah, research on the Judenrat,
14

Umschlag Platz,
68

underground movement

in ghettos,
62

inexperience of commanders,
5
–6

Julian Chorazycki's work in,
150

leadership in,
5

new definition of,
12
–13

Zygmunt Rytel's work in,
20

Under the Eagle pharmacy,
102

Unger, Karl

escape from Treblinka,
151
–152

life at Treblinka,
146

work with underground,
150

Union factory,
131

Union of Armed Struggle (ZWZ),
125

United States

power shift created by,
181

pressure to honor Ribbentrop-Moltov Agreement,
41

See also
Allies

uprisings, as suicidal gestures,
13

urban national resistance, focus of,
12
–13

Vassia, Dziadzia,
107

Vilna ghetto

1942 New Year's Manifesto,
6

fighters join Markow brigade,
119
–120

final liquidation of,
191
–192

manipulation of inmates in,
57
–58

murder of inmates,
74

prohibition against procreation in,
60
–61

Sonia Madejsker's work in,
178

Tosia Altman's work in,
178

Yitskhok Rudashevski's transfer to,
54
–55

Vilna Partisan Organization (FPO),
6
,
76
–77

Volkowisky, Mina

attempts to leave ghetto,
96
–97

befriended by Nikolai Bobkov,
99

betrayal by “friend,”
98
–99,
100

invitation from General Sikorski,
100
–102

joins Soviet partisans,
98

relocation to Slonim ghetto,
96

reunites with husband,
100

separated from husband,
97
–98

Voroshilov, Marshal Clement Efremovich,
39

Wachalska, Stanislawa.
See
Meed, Vladka

Wagner, Gustav,
155
–156

Wajcblum, Ester,
137
,
138
–139,
142

Warsaw, Poland

food shortages in,
51
–52

Jewish Historical Institute,
22

refugees' arrival in,
47

Warsaw ghetto

Bernson and Bauman Hospital,
194
–195

conditions in,
65
,
161
–163

construction of,
52

converted Jews in,
72
–73

deportations to Treblinka,
67
–69

escape from,
175

Frania Beatus' work in,
179
–180

Itzchak Giterman's death in,
66

orphan euthanasia at,
195

planned destruction of,
79

sealing of,
160
–161

Warsaw ghetto uprising

April 1943,
78
,
79
–80

August 1944,
13
,
106

Himmler's destruction command,
77
–78,
79

Israel Gutman's research on,
14
–15

Yitzhak Zuckerman's view of,
10
–11

Warsaw University, attacks on Jewish students at,
23

Wehrmacht

Hitler's view of,
181

and Slonim ghetto Aktion,
88

Wengrover, Jehuda,
177

White Rose,
118

Wieliczka, Poland,
50

Wilczynska, Stefania,
70

Wilner, Jurek (Arieh)

arrest and torture of,
166

relationship with Leah Silverstein,
165
–166,
167

suicide of,
176

work with Jewish underground,
72
,
76

Wirths, Eduard,
133

Wlodawa, Poland,
151
,
153

Wolski, Mieczyslaw, arrest/execution of,
83

women

in Auschwitz munitions factory,
131

carrying arms,
94

conditions endured by,
50
–51,
62
–63,
95
–96,
207
n17

contribution to ghetto survival,
55
–57,
63

physical resistance to deportation,
68

prohibition against procreation,
60

serving on Judenrat,
50

in Soviet partisan movement,
41
,
94

work as couriers,
158
,
163
–164,
167
–168,
172
,
178
–179

work in German factories,
193
–194

work in kibbutz,
164

World Zionist Congress (1939),
47

Yaari, Bela Chazan,
122
–124

Yad Vashem

historian at,
6

recognition of Jan Karski,
183

recognition of Zygmut Rytel,
17

Zabludowicz, Noah

resistance work of,
132

transfer to Auschwitz,
127

visits Roza Robota's cell,
141
–142

Zamenhof Street,
77

Zarki farm (Zionist experiment),
165

Å»
egota

Julian Alexandrowicz's work with,
104