Restless Empire (68 page)

3
. I remember, as a child in Norwegian Lutheran Sunday school, seeing blood-curdling pictures of Christians being hacked to death by the heathen Boxers; a fair number of the missionaries killed were Scandinavians.

4
. Philip W. Sergeant,
The Great Empress Dowager of China
(London: Hutchinson & Co., 1910), 241.

5
.
In one town near Beijing:
Joan Judge,
The Precious Raft of History: The Past, the West, and the Woman Question in China
(Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2008), 180; see also Joan Judge, “The Politics of Female Virtue in Turn-of-the-Century China: The Case of Tongzhou,” paper delivered at the annual conference of the Association for Asian Studies, San Francisco, April 2006.
“There are things that I”:
George Lynch,
The War of the Civilisations, Being the Record of a “Foreign Devil’s” Experiences with the Allies in China
(London: Longmans, Green, and Co., 1901), 142.
A major Japanese newspaper:
Editorial,
Yorozu Choho
, December 1901; quoted from Robert A. Bickers and R. G. Tiedemann, eds.,
The Boxers, China, and the World
(Rowman & Littlefield, 2007); see also Bickers, “Boxed Out: How the British Museum Suppressed Discussion of British Looting in China,”
Times Literary Supplement
, 5129 (2001): 15.

6
. Victor Purcell,
The Boxer Uprising: A Background Study
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1963).

7
.
The
Philadelphia
Press
declared:
Philadelphia Press,
11 April 1898.
In notes outlining:
Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States: With the Annual Message of the President Transmitted to Congress, December 5, 1899
(Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1901), 129–130.

8
. Quoted in Walter LaFeber,
The American Age: United States Foreign Policy at Home and Abroad Since 1750
(New York: W. W. Norton, 1989), 209.

9
. Samuel Isaac Joseph Schereschewsky, the founder of St. John’s University, was born in Lithuania in 1831, went to Germany to study for the rabbinate, there became a Christian, emigrated to America, trained for the priesthood, and in 1859 was sent by the Episcopal Church to China, where he began translating the Bible into Chinese. Schereschewsky later developed Parkinson’s Disease, was largely paralyzed, resigned his position as Bishop of Shanghai, and spent the rest of his life completing his Bible translation, the last two thousand pages of which he typed with the one finger that he could still move. He died in Tokyo in 1906.

10
. Jacobson to Reichmarineamt, 27 January 2005, quoted in Klaus Mühlhahn,
Herrschaft und Widerstand in der “Musterkolonie” Kiautschou: Interaktionen zwischen China und Deutschland, 1897–1914
(Munich: Oldenbourg, 2000), 238.

11
. Governor of Jiaozhou, Meyer-Waldeck, to Tirpitz, 14 October 1912, quoted in Mühlhahn,
Herrschaft und Widerstand in der “Musterkolonie” Kiautschou
.

12
. Von Falkenhausen’s China link came back to save him after he in 1951 was sentenced to twelve years in prison for having been military governor of Belgium during World War
II. One of his key defendants was Qian Xiuling, a Chinese chemist who had settled in Belgium before the war, and who had served as a conduit between the German commander and the Belgian resistance. Von Falkenhausen served only three months of his sentence. Qian’s life was made into a sixteen-episode television series in China in 2002 (see
Beijing qingnian bao
, 11 December 2001). The best overview of Germany’s role in republican China is William C. Kirby,
Germany and Republican China
(Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1984).

13
.
The Times
, 20 July 1909.

14
. Issued 29 January 1901; quoted from Richard S. Horowitz, “Breaking the Bonds of Precedent: The 1905–6 Government Reform Commission and the Remaking of the Qing Central State,”
Modern Asian Studies
37, no. 4 (October 2003): 775–797.

15
. E-Tu Zen Sun, “The Chinese Constitutional Missions of 1905–1906,”
The Journal of Modern History
24, no. 3 (September 1952): 251–268.

16
. Edwin John Dingle,
China’s Revolution, 1911–1912
(Shanghai: Commercial Press, 1912), pp. 49–50.

17
.
Minbao
, April 1906, p. 8.

18
. Tsou Jung [Zou Rong],
The Revolutionary Army: A Chinese Nationalist Tract of 1903
, introduction and translation with notes by John Lust, Matériaux pour l’étude de l’extréme-orient moderne et contemporain, textes; 6 (The Hague: Mouton, 1968).

19
. Edward J. M. Rhoads,
Manchus & Han
(Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2001), 188–192.

20
. Michael Gasster, “The Republican Revolutionary Movement,” in
The Cambridge History of China
, ed. John K. Fairbank and Kwang-ching Liu, vol. 11: Late Ch’ing, Part 2 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1980), 494.

21
. Su Quanyou, “Yuan Shikai yu Zhili gongye [Yuan Shikai and Zhili Industry],”
Lishi Dang’an
, no. 1 (March 2005): 77–82.

22
. Marie-Claire Bergère,
Sun Yat-sen
, trans. Janet Lloyd (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2000).

23
. B. L. Putnam Weale,
The Fight for the Republic in China
(New York: Dodd, Mead and Company, 1917), 229–230.

24
. See for example Frank J. Goodnow, “The Adaptation of a Constitution to the Needs of a People,”
Proceedings of the Academy of Political Science in the City of New York
5, no. 1 (October 1914): 36–37.

25
. K. S. Liew,
Struggle for Democracy
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1971).

26
. Angus W. McDonald, “Mao Tse-tung and the Hunan Self-Government Movement, 1920: An Introduction and Five Translations,”
The China Quarterly
, no. 68 (December 1976): 751–777.

27
. Urgunge Onon and D. Pritchatt,
Asia’s First Modern Revolution: Mongolia Proclaims Its Independence in 1911
, illustrated edition (Leiden: Brill Academic Publishers, 1997). For Russian policy, see Nakami Tatsuo, “Russian Diplomats and Mongol Independence, 1911–1915,” in
Mongolia in the Twentieth Century: Landlocked Cosmopolitan
, ed. Stephen Kotkin and Bruce A. Elleman (New York: M. E. Sharpe, 1999), 69–78.

28
. Russo-Chinese Agreement concerning Outer Mongolia, 5 November 1913, in Putnam Weale,
The Fight for the Republic in China
, 248.

29
. Tsepon W. D. Shakabpa,
Tibet: A Political History
(New Haven: Yale University Press, 1967), 246–48.

30
. Melvyn C. Goldstein,
The Snow Lion and the Dragon: China, Tibet, and the Dalai Lama
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999).

31
. Sheng even joined the Soviet Communist party in 1938; for a biography, see Cai Jin-song,
Sheng Shicai wai zhuan
[An Unofficial Biography of Sheng Shicai] (Beijing: Zhonggong dangshi, 2005).

32
. Guoqi Xu,
China and the Great War
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005), 245.

33
. Quoted in ibid., 252.

34
. As a result of the protests, China became the only major country that refused to sign the Treaty of Versailles. Cao Rulin, the minister who had his house burned down, survived the ordeal and later moved to Detroit, where he died at the ripe age of ninety-one. His memoirs are in Cao Rulin,
Cao Rulin yisheng zhi huiyi
[Cao Rulin Remembers His Life] (Taibei: Zhuanji wenxue, 1970).

35
. Quoted from Spence,
The Search for Modern China
, 303.

36
. Lu Hsun, “A Happy Family,” in Lu Hsun,
Selected Stories of Lu Hsun (Beijing
: Foreign Languages Press, 1960).

37
. Liang Qichao, “Travel Impressions from Europe,” in William Theodore De Bary and Richard Lufrano, eds.,
Sources of East Asian Tradition Volume 2: The Modern Period
, 2nd ed. (New York: Columbia University Press, 2000).

38
. Li Dazhao, quoted in Jerome Ch’en, “The Chinese Communist Movement to 1927,” in
The Cambridge History of China
, ed. John K. Fairbank, vol. 12: Republican China 1912–1949, Part 1 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983), 513.

39
. Sun Yat-sen,
The International Development of China
(New York: GP Putnam’s Sons, 1922), 237.

40
. “Sun Yat-sen Appeals,”
New York Times
, 16 May 1921, 14.

41
. Joint Memorandum by the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs and the Secretary of State for the Colonies, June 1925, CAB/24/174, UK National Archives, London.

42
. S. C. M. Paine,
Imperial Rivals: China, Russia, and Their Disputed Frontier
(Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1996).

43
.
Xiangdao
, 31 (July 1923).

44
. Alexander Pantsov,
The Bolsheviks and the Chinese Revolution, 1919–1927
(Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2000).

45
. Arthur Waldron, in his excellent
From War to Nationalism
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003), emphasizes the effects of the civil wars in the north as being especially conducive to GMD success (pp. 246–274); he is undoubtedly right.

46
. Kuo Mo-Jo and Josiah W. Bennett, “A Poet with the Northern Expedition,”
The Far Eastern Quarterly
3, no. 1 (November 1943): 5–36.

47
. Kuo Mo-Jo and Josiah W. Bennett, “A Poet with the Northern Expedition,”
The Far Eastern Quarterly
3, no. 4 (August 1944): 362–380.

48
. Clarence Martin Wilbur and Julie Lien-ying How,
Missionaries of Revolution: Soviet Advisers and Nationalist China, 1920–1927
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1989), 250.

49
. Quoted in Christopher Andrew,
Her Majesty’s Secret Service: The Making of the British Intelligence Community
(New York: Viking, 1986), 328.

50
. British Foreign Secretary, CAB/23/54, UK National Archives.

51
. Sir William Tyrrell to the Committee on Imperial Defense, 28 July 1926, CAB/24/181, UK National Archives.

CHAPTER 5: FOREIGNERS

1
.
Renmin ribao
, 4 April 2006.

2
.
In Taiwan, the younger generation:
In 2010 fifty-two percent of Taiwanese still saw Japan as their favorite country (the People’s Republic of China scored five percent); “Japan Taiwan’s Favorite Country, Survey Reveals,”
Taipei Times
, 24 March 2010.
In spite of war:
Frank Dikötter,
The Age of Openness: China before Mao
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 2008).

3
. Harry Alverson Franck,
Roving Through Southern China
(New York: The Century Co., 1925), 75–76.

4
. Frederic E. Wakeman,
Policing Shanghai, 1927–1937
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996), 215–216.

5
.
Across the street the Cathay Hotel:
The lavish structure is now known as the Peace Hotel—Heping fandian.
In Beijing new public buildings:
It is now the “internal information” office of the official Chinese news agency Xinhua (see Sang Ye and Geremie R. Barmé, “A Beijing That Isn’t [Part I],” at
http://www.chinaheritagenewsletter.anu.edu.au/features.php?searchterm=014_BeijingThatWasnt.inc&issue=014
).

6
. Valery Garrett,
Chinese Dress: From the Qing Dynasty to the Present
(North Clarendon, VT: Tuttle Publishing, 2008), 126–155 on the republican era.

7
. The name itself has a fascinating foreign background: While in Japan, Sun began using the Japanese surname Nakayama, central mountain, which in Chinese is pronounced Zhongshan. He kept it, in its Chinese form, as a nom de guerre after he returned to China.

8
. When Cheng tried to reestablish his paper in Taiwan after 1949, the Guomindang government immediately closed it down.

9
. Lu Hanchao,
Beyond the Neon Lights: Everyday Shanghai in the Early Twentieth Century
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004).

10
. Qi Jianhong and Zhou Jieqiong,
French Direct Investment in China: A Survey Report
, East Asia Economic Research Group Discussion Paper (Brisbane: School of Economics, The University of Queensland, January 2006).

11
. Osterhammel,
China und die Weltgesellschaft: Vom 18. Jahrhundert bis in unsere Zeit
, 255.

12
. Norman P. Grubb,
C. T. Studd: Cricketer and Pioneer
(London: Religious Tract Society, 1933). Studd had played for England in the first test match against Australia (the origins of the Ashes series) and believed sports would help convert souls for Jesus.

13
. Because of Mao’s scathing valedictory to the US presence in China (entitled “Farewell, John Leighton Stuart” in Mao’s
Selected Works
), Stuart became the most reviled foreigner in China after 1949. Before he died in 1962, he told his family that he wished to be buried at the university he had constructed, when such an act became politically possible. But, in a final slight, when the PRC government finally agreed to his ashes being interred in China in 2008, they insisted that it happen in Hangzhou, his birthplace, rather than at the campus he had created.