Authors: Victor Sebestyen
Revolution 1989 (66 page)
SEVENTEEN: CHERNOBYL: NUCLEAR DISASTER
1
Background on Chernobyl: Grigori Medvedev; Nicholas Daniloff, ‘The Political Fallout of Chernobyl’,
Demokratizatsiya
, Moscow, Winter 2004; Dobbs, pp. 153-69, and Piers Paul Read,
Ablaze: The Story of Chernobyl
(Mandarin, London, 1994)
Background on Chernobyl: Grigori Medvedev; Nicholas Daniloff, ‘The Political Fallout of Chernobyl’,
Demokratizatsiya
, Moscow, Winter 2004; Dobbs, pp. 153-69, and Piers Paul Read,
Ablaze: The Story of Chernobyl
(Mandarin, London, 1994)
2
Daniloff, ‘The Political Fallout of Chernobyl’, pp. 5-9
Daniloff, ‘The Political Fallout of Chernobyl’, pp. 5-9
3
Dobbs, pp. 160-64
Dobbs, pp. 160-64
4
APRF, Politburo minutes for 28 April 1986
APRF, Politburo minutes for 28 April 1986
5
APRF, Politburo minutes for 3 July 1986
APRF, Politburo minutes for 3 July 1986
6
Zubok, ‘Gorbachev’s Nuclear Learning’, CWIHP briefing paper
Zubok, ‘Gorbachev’s Nuclear Learning’, CWIHP briefing paper
EIGHTEEN: ETHNIC CLEANSING
2
In conversation with the author, Sofia, September 2007
In conversation with the author, Sofia, September 2007
3
Author in conversation with Andrei Lukanov, Sofia, April 1990
Author in conversation with Andrei Lukanov, Sofia, April 1990
4
For background on Todor Zhivkov, see Pryce-Jones, pp. 215-18; Echikson,
Lighting the Night
, pp. 122-5
For background on Todor Zhivkov, see Pryce-Jones, pp. 215-18; Echikson,
Lighting the Night
, pp. 122-5
6
Chernyaev diary, May 1986, CWIHP
Chernyaev diary, May 1986, CWIHP
7
Author in conversation with Krassen Stanchev, Sofia, October 2007
Author in conversation with Krassen Stanchev, Sofia, October 2007
NINETEEN: HUMBLED IN RED SQUARE
3
Ibid.
Ibid.
5
Chernyaev diary, May 1987, CWIHP
Chernyaev diary, May 1987, CWIHP
6
APRF, Politburo minutes for 30 May 1987
APRF, Politburo minutes for 30 May 1987
7
Dobrynin, pp. 367-8
Dobrynin, pp. 367-8
TWENTY: THE GANG OF FOUR
1
Grachev, p. 168
Grachev, p. 168
2
Ibid., pp. 176-80
Ibid., pp. 176-80
3
It was Gerhard Schürer, head of the GDR’s State Planning Commission, who, according to Chernyaev, made this comment immediately after the meeting
It was Gerhard Schürer, head of the GDR’s State Planning Commission, who, according to Chernyaev, made this comment immediately after the meeting
TWENTY-ONE: GORBACHEV’S VIETNAM
2
Weiner, pp. 365-7
Weiner, pp. 365-7
3
Chernyaev diary, May 1986, CWIHP
Chernyaev diary, May 1986, CWIHP
4
APRF, Politburo minutes for 13 November 1986
APRF, Politburo minutes for 13 November 1986
5
APRF, notes from Politburo, 23 February 1987, and Chernyaev diary, February 1987, CWIHP
APRF, notes from Politburo, 23 February 1987, and Chernyaev diary, February 1987, CWIHP
6
Quoted in Dobbs, p. 178
Quoted in Dobbs, p. 178
8
Chernyaev diary, February 1987, CWIHP
Chernyaev diary, February 1987, CWIHP
TWENTY-TWO: OLD MEN’S TALES
1
Günter Schabowski interview for 1999 Fall of the Wall TV series, LHCMA box 6
Günter Schabowski interview for 1999 Fall of the Wall TV series, LHCMA box 6
2
Cold War series, LHCMA box 17
Cold War series, LHCMA box 17
3
Wolf and McElvoy, p. 198
Wolf and McElvoy, p. 198
4
Partos, p. 136
Partos, p. 136
5
Maier, p. 96
Maier, p. 96
7
Author in conversation with Ondrej Soukoup, Prague, August 2007
Author in conversation with Ondrej Soukoup, Prague, August 2007
10
Author in conversation with Jacques Rupnik, Prague, August 2007
Author in conversation with Jacques Rupnik, Prague, August 2007
11
Author in conversation with Miklós Haraszti, Budapest, June 1992
Author in conversation with Miklós Haraszti, Budapest, June 1992
12
For the coup against Kádár, see Huszar
Jáhos Kádár, Politikai életrajza
; Gough,
A Good Comrade
and conversation with Haraszti, Budapest, September 1990
For the coup against Kádár, see Huszar
Jáhos Kádár, Politikai életrajza
; Gough,
A Good Comrade
and conversation with Haraszti, Budapest, September 1990
13
Interview with Horst Teltschik, Cold War series, LHCMA box 9, and Gyula Thürmer,
Nem Kell NATO
(Progressio, Budapest, 1995)
Interview with Horst Teltschik, Cold War series, LHCMA box 9, and Gyula Thürmer,
Nem Kell NATO
(Progressio, Budapest, 1995)
14
Németh interview, Cold War series, LHCMA box 8
Németh interview, Cold War series, LHCMA box 8
TWENTY-THREE: ENDGAME IN POLAND
2
Alina Piekowska interview in Cold War series, LHCMA box 12
Alina Piekowska interview in Cold War series, LHCMA box 12
3
Author’s interview with Jerzy Urban, Warsaw, October 1995
Author’s interview with Jerzy Urban, Warsaw, October 1995
7
Pryce-Jones, p. 256, and author’s conversations with Geremek, October 1995
Pryce-Jones, p. 256, and author’s conversations with Geremek, October 1995
8
Stanisław Ciosek speech at University of Michigan at Ann Arbor, conference on Solidarity, April 1999
Stanisław Ciosek speech at University of Michigan at Ann Arbor, conference on Solidarity, April 1999
TWENTY-FOUR: PRESIDENT BUSH TAKES CHARGE
1
Author’s interview with James Baker, Houston, September 2007
Author’s interview with James Baker, Houston, September 2007
2
Gates’ memo to Reagan, Beschloss and Talbott, p. 135
Gates’ memo to Reagan, Beschloss and Talbott, p. 135
3
National Intelligence Estimate 11/12-9-98, USNSA, Cold War files
National Intelligence Estimate 11/12-9-98, USNSA, Cold War files
5
Author’s interview with James Baker, Houston, Texas, September 2007, and Bush and Scowcroft, pp. 93-9
Author’s interview with James Baker, Houston, Texas, September 2007, and Bush and Scowcroft, pp. 93-9
TWENTY-FIVE: TRIUMPH IN MANHATTAN
1
Quoted in Dobbs, p. 216
Quoted in Dobbs, p. 216
3
Nikolai Ryzhkov in off-the-record interview with several Western journalists, Yerevan, Armenia, 9 December 1988
Nikolai Ryzhkov in off-the-record interview with several Western journalists, Yerevan, Armenia, 9 December 1988
4
Dobrynin, p. 328
Dobrynin, p. 328
5
Chernyaev diary and Beschloss and Talbott, p. 257
Chernyaev diary and Beschloss and Talbott, p. 257
6
Gromyko, p. 380
Gromyko, p. 380
7
Volkogonov, pp. 478-80
Volkogonov, pp. 478-80
8
Chernyaev diary, December 1988, CWIHP
Chernyaev diary, December 1988, CWIHP
9
APRF, Politburo minutes for 24-5 March 1988
APRF, Politburo minutes for 24-5 March 1988
10
Shakhnazarov memo to Gorbachev, 6 October 1988, CWIHP
Shakhnazarov memo to Gorbachev, 6 October 1988, CWIHP
11
Ministry of Foreign Affairs Archive, APRF, Moscow, report to Minister, 24 February 1989.
Ministry of Foreign Affairs Archive, APRF, Moscow, report to Minister, 24 February 1989.
12
Chernyaev diary, December 1988, CWIHP
Chernyaev diary, December 1988, CWIHP
TWENTY-SIX: THE WAR OF WORDS
2
In conversation with the author, Budapest, April 2004
In conversation with the author, Budapest, April 2004
TWENTY-SEVEN: HAVEL IN JAIL
1
General Alojs Lorenc, report on security operations 1988-1989, Vol. 4/II, Úad Dokumentace a Vyetování and at CWIHP
General Alojs Lorenc, report on security operations 1988-1989, Vol. 4/II, Úad Dokumentace a Vyetování and at CWIHP
TWENTY-EIGHT: THE ROUND TABLE
2
Janusz Reykowski quoted in Simpson,
The Darkness Crumbles
, p. 184; Mieczysław Rakowski in conversation with the author, Warsaw, October 1995
Janusz Reykowski quoted in Simpson,
The Darkness Crumbles
, p. 184; Mieczysław Rakowski in conversation with the author, Warsaw, October 1995
4
Author in conversation with Rakowski, Warsaw, October 1995
Author in conversation with Rakowski, Warsaw, October 1995
5
Pryce-Jones, p. 168
Pryce-Jones, p. 168
7
Ibid., pp. 141-9
Ibid., pp. 141-9
TWENTY-NINE: SHOOT TO KILL
1
For background on Chris Gueffroy and his attempted escape, see Deutschland radio’s
Chronik der Mauer
, website
www.chronik-der-mauer.de
, Taylor,
The Berlin Wall
, and Christopher Hilton,
The Wall
(The History Press, London, 2002)
For background on Chris Gueffroy and his attempted escape, see Deutschland radio’s
Chronik der Mauer
, website
www.chronik-der-mauer.de
, Taylor,
The Berlin Wall
, and Christopher Hilton,
The Wall
(The History Press, London, 2002)
THIRTY: THE FRIENDSHIP BRIDGE
1
Chernyaev diary, January 1989, CWIHP
Chernyaev diary, January 1989, CWIHP
3
Gromov, pp. 190-204; Chernyaev, diary and
My Six Years with Gorbachev
. Also Dobbs, pp. 396-404; Artyom Borovik,
The Hidden War
(Grove Press, New York, 2001)
Gromov, pp. 190-204; Chernyaev, diary and
My Six Years with Gorbachev
. Also Dobbs, pp. 396-404; Artyom Borovik,
The Hidden War
(Grove Press, New York, 2001)
4
Gromov, p. 178
Gromov, p. 178
5
Russian State Archive for Contemporary History, RGANI, Moscow, f89.10. doc 25. st 1-3
Russian State Archive for Contemporary History, RGANI, Moscow, f89.10. doc 25. st 1-3
THIRTY-ONE: THE CURTAIN FALLS
1
Minutes of meeting at GF; Gorbachev talks with Hungarian leaders, 1989
Minutes of meeting at GF; Gorbachev talks with Hungarian leaders, 1989
2
Cold War series LHCMA, box 11
Cold War series LHCMA, box 11
3
Quoted in Pryce-Jones, p. 231
Quoted in Pryce-Jones, p. 231
4
MOL (Hungarian National Archive), Budapest M-KS-288-1¼458
MOL (Hungarian National Archive), Budapest M-KS-288-1¼458
5
Chernyaev diary, January 1989
Chernyaev diary, January 1989
6
Németh interview, Cold War series, LHCMA box 8 and Tarasenko interview, March 1999, OHCW
Németh interview, Cold War series, LHCMA box 8 and Tarasenko interview, March 1999, OHCW
7
Interview in Fall of the Wall series, LHCMA box 3
Interview in Fall of the Wall series, LHCMA box 3
THIRTY-TWO: THE CAUTIOUS AMERICAN
1
James Baker in conversation with the author, Houston, September 2007, and Gates,
From the Shadows
, p. 298
James Baker in conversation with the author, Houston, September 2007, and Gates,
From the Shadows
, p. 298
2
Baker in conversation with the author, Houston, September 2007
Baker in conversation with the author, Houston, September 2007
3
Beschloss and Talbott, p. 156
Beschloss and Talbott, p. 156
4
Bush and Scowcroft, p. 86
Bush and Scowcroft, p. 86
5
Quoted in Weiner, pp. 349-53
Quoted in Weiner, pp. 349-53
6
Beschloss and Talbott, pp. 158-60
Beschloss and Talbott, pp. 158-60
7
Record of Gorbachev/Thatcher conversation at GF, and also author in conversation with Lord Powell, London, May 2007
Record of Gorbachev/Thatcher conversation at GF, and also author in conversation with Lord Powell, London, May 2007
8
Beschloss and Talbott, p. 160
Beschloss and Talbott, p. 160
9
Bush and Scowcroft, p. 94
Bush and Scowcroft, p. 94
11
NIE 11-4-89: Soviet Policy Towards the West, USNSA
NIE 11-4-89: Soviet Policy Towards the West, USNSA
THIRTY-FOUR: THE DICTATOR PAYS HIS DEBTS
1
In conversation with the author, Bucharest, October 2007
In conversation with the author, Bucharest, October 2007
2
Brucan, in conversation with the author, Bucharest, April 1990, and Almond,
The Rise and Fall of Nicolae and Elena Ceauescu
, pp. 160-64
Brucan, in conversation with the author, Bucharest, April 1990, and Almond,
The Rise and Fall of Nicolae and Elena Ceauescu
, pp. 160-64
3
Peter Siani-Davies,
The Romanian Revolution of December 1989
(Cornell University Press, 2007), p. 139
Peter Siani-Davies,
The Romanian Revolution of December 1989
(Cornell University Press, 2007), p. 139
THIRTY-SIX: EXPULSION OF THE TURKS
1
Archive of the Bulgarian parliament, Communist Party Central Committee files, May 1989
Archive of the Bulgarian parliament, Communist Party Central Committee files, May 1989
2
GF, files on talks with Bulgarian leaders.
GF, files on talks with Bulgarian leaders.
3
Pryce-Jones, p. 246, and also Lukanov in conversation with the author, Sofia, April 1991
Pryce-Jones, p. 246, and also Lukanov in conversation with the author, Sofia, April 1991
4
Roumen Danov and Krassen Stanchev in conversation with the author, Sofia, September 2007
Roumen Danov and Krassen Stanchev in conversation with the author, Sofia, September 2007
THIRTY-SEVEN: THE LANDSLIDE
2
Ibid. and author in conversation with Jerzy Urban, Warsaw, October 1995
Ibid. and author in conversation with Jerzy Urban, Warsaw, October 1995
5
Ambassador Davis’s telegrams to State Department at USNSA , Poland briefing papers
Ambassador Davis’s telegrams to State Department at USNSA , Poland briefing papers
7
Polish Communist Party (PZPR) Secretariat files, Institute of Political Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw
Polish Communist Party (PZPR) Secretariat files, Institute of Political Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw
8
Author in conversation with Rakowski, Warsaw, October 1995
Author in conversation with Rakowski, Warsaw, October 1995
9
Author in conversation with Mazowiecki, Warsaw, October 1995, and as reported by Ambassador Davis in cable to State Department, 11 August 1989, USNSA
Author in conversation with Mazowiecki, Warsaw, October 1995, and as reported by Ambassador Davis in cable to State Department, 11 August 1989, USNSA
10
Author in conversation with Rakowski, Warsaw, October 1995
Author in conversation with Rakowski, Warsaw, October 1995
THIRTY-EIGHT: FUNERAL IN BUDAPEST
1
Hungarian National Archives (Magyar Országos Levéltár), Budapest, M-KS-288/1050; Pozsgay interview, Cold War series, LHCMA box 9
Hungarian National Archives (Magyar Országos Levéltár), Budapest, M-KS-288/1050; Pozsgay interview, Cold War series, LHCMA box 9
3
BBC World Service radio report, 18 June 1989
BBC World Service radio report, 18 June 1989
4
In conversation with Maria Vásárhelyi and Miklós Haraszti, Budapest, April 2004, and Maria Kovács interview, Cold War series, LHCMA box 11
In conversation with Maria Vásárhelyi and Miklós Haraszti, Budapest, April 2004, and Maria Kovács interview, Cold War series, LHCMA box 11
6
BASPMO, ZK , JIV2/2A/3225
BASPMO, ZK , JIV2/2A/3225
THIRTY-NINE: A PRESIDENTIAL TOUR
1
Beschloss and Talbott, pp. 186-8, and Bush and Scowcroft, pp. 144-50
Beschloss and Talbott, pp. 186-8, and Bush and Scowcroft, pp. 144-50
2
Bush and Scowcroft, p. 152
Bush and Scowcroft, p. 152
3
Ibid., p. 157
Ibid., p. 157
5
Author in conversation with Tadeusz Mazowiecki, Warsaw, October 1995, and Beschloss and Talbott, pp. 170-72
Author in conversation with Tadeusz Mazowiecki, Warsaw, October 1995, and Beschloss and Talbott, pp. 170-72
6
Bush and Scowcroft, p. 157
Bush and Scowcroft, p. 157
7
Palmer interview in Foreign Affairs Oral History collection of the Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training, Library of Congress, Washington DC
Palmer interview in Foreign Affairs Oral History collection of the Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training, Library of Congress, Washington DC
8
Author’s conversation with Mazowiecki
Author’s conversation with Mazowiecki
9
Timothy Garton Ash, ‘Poland After Solidarity’,
New York Review of Books
, 13 June 1991, and author in conversation with Jerzy Urban, Warsaw, October 1995
Timothy Garton Ash, ‘Poland After Solidarity’,
New York Review of Books
, 13 June 1991, and author in conversation with Jerzy Urban, Warsaw, October 1995
11
Author in conversation with Mazowiecki, Warsaw, October 1995
Author in conversation with Mazowiecki, Warsaw, October 1995
12
Record of Jaruzelski’s speech in Malcolm Byrne and Vojtech Mastny (eds),
A Cardboard Castle? An Inside History of the Warsaw Pact
. (Central European University Press, Budapest, 2005)
Record of Jaruzelski’s speech in Malcolm Byrne and Vojtech Mastny (eds),
A Cardboard Castle? An Inside History of the Warsaw Pact
. (Central European University Press, Budapest, 2005)
13
Bronisław Geremek,
Rok 1989 - opowiada, Jacek akowski pyta
(
The Year 1989 - Bronisław Geremek Advocates, Jacek akowski Asks
, translated into French as
La Rupture
, Seuil, Paris, 1991)
Bronisław Geremek,
Rok 1989 - opowiada, Jacek akowski pyta
(
The Year 1989 - Bronisław Geremek Advocates, Jacek akowski Asks
, translated into French as
La Rupture
, Seuil, Paris, 1991)
14
Quoted in Dobbs, p. 288
Quoted in Dobbs, p. 288
15
Tarasenko interview, OHCW, March 1999
Tarasenko interview, OHCW, March 1999
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