Revolution 1989 (67 page)
Authors: Victor Sebestyen
FORTY: TRAIL OF THE TRABANTS
1
Otto von Habsburg interview, Fall of the Wall series, LHCMA box 6
Otto von Habsburg interview, Fall of the Wall series, LHCMA box 6
2
Author’s conversations with Miklós Haraszti and Agnes Gergely, April 2004, and Fall of the Wall series, LHCMA box 4
Author’s conversations with Miklós Haraszti and Agnes Gergely, April 2004, and Fall of the Wall series, LHCMA box 4
3
Author’s conversation with Maria Vásárhelyi, and Fall of the Wall series, LHCMA box 4
Author’s conversation with Maria Vásárhelyi, and Fall of the Wall series, LHCMA box 4
4
Cold War series, LHCMA box 9
Cold War series, LHCMA box 9
5
Ibid., box 4
Ibid., box 4
6
Palmer interview, Foreign Affairs Oral History collection, Library of Congress, Washington DC; Kovács quoted in Lévesque,
The Enigma of 1989
, p. 187
Palmer interview, Foreign Affairs Oral History collection, Library of Congress, Washington DC; Kovács quoted in Lévesque,
The Enigma of 1989
, p. 187
7
Fall of the Wall series, LHCMA box 3
Fall of the Wall series, LHCMA box 3
8
Author in conversation with Dr Matthias Mueller, Berlin, November 2007
Author in conversation with Dr Matthias Mueller, Berlin, November 2007
10
BA SPMO, Krenz’s office mIV 2/2.039/77
BA SPMO, Krenz’s office mIV 2/2.039/77
FORTY-ONE: A GOVERNMENT OF DISSIDENTS
1
Author in conversation with Mazowiecki, Warsaw, October 1995; Geremek,
Rok 1989
, pp. 116-8, Boyes, pp. 191-200
Author in conversation with Mazowiecki, Warsaw, October 1995; Geremek,
Rok 1989
, pp. 116-8, Boyes, pp. 191-200
2
Author in conversation with Rakowski, Warsaw, October 1995, and Stokes,
The Walls Came Tumbling Down
, p. 227
Author in conversation with Rakowski, Warsaw, October 1995, and Stokes,
The Walls Came Tumbling Down
, p. 227
3
Author in conversation with Mazowiecki, and Boyes, p. 196
Author in conversation with Mazowiecki, and Boyes, p. 196
FORTY-TWO: REFUGEES
1
Dokumente zur Deutschlandpolitik: Deutsche Einheit, Sonderedition aus den Akten des Bundeskanzleramtes, 1988/1989
, document 28, and Miklós Németh interview in Cold War series, LHCMA box 9
Dokumente zur Deutschlandpolitik: Deutsche Einheit, Sonderedition aus den Akten des Bundeskanzleramtes, 1988/1989
, document 28, and Miklós Németh interview in Cold War series, LHCMA box 9
2
Ibid., Németh interview
Ibid., Németh interview
3
GF, record of Gorbachev phone conversation with Kohl, 25 August 1989
GF, record of Gorbachev phone conversation with Kohl, 25 August 1989
4
BA SPMO, Krenz’s office IV 2/2.039/76, and Günter Schabowski,
Das Politbüro
(Rowholt, Reinbeck, 1990)
BA SPMO, Krenz’s office IV 2/2.039/76, and Günter Schabowski,
Das Politbüro
(Rowholt, Reinbeck, 1990)
5
BASPMO, Krenz’s office, transcript of 5 September Politburo meeting, IV 2/2.039/77
BASPMO, Krenz’s office, transcript of 5 September Politburo meeting, IV 2/2.039/77
6
Németh interview, Cold War series, LHCMA box 9
Németh interview, Cold War series, LHCMA box 9
7
Author in conversations with Matthias Mueller and Reinhard Schult, Berlin, November 2007, and Maier, p. 168. Jan Lässig interview, Fall of the Wall series, LHCMA box 5.
Author in conversations with Matthias Mueller and Reinhard Schult, Berlin, November 2007, and Maier, p. 168. Jan Lässig interview, Fall of the Wall series, LHCMA box 5.
9
Poppe interview, Fall of the Wall series, LHCMA box 7
Poppe interview, Fall of the Wall series, LHCMA box 7
10
Fall of the Wall series, LHCMA box 11
Fall of the Wall series, LHCMA box 11
13
Fall of the Wall series, LHCMA box 4
Fall of the Wall series, LHCMA box 4
14
Cold War series, LHCMA box 7
Cold War series, LHCMA box 7
FORTY-THREE: THE BIRTHDAY PARTY
1
Chernyaev diary, October 1989
Chernyaev diary, October 1989
2
Hermann interview in Cold War series, LHCMA box 6; Schabowski in Fall of the Wall series, box 6
Hermann interview in Cold War series, LHCMA box 6; Schabowski in Fall of the Wall series, box 6
3
Schabowski in conversation with the author
Schabowski in conversation with the author
4
Chernyaev diary, October 1989
Chernyaev diary, October 1989
5
Interview in Fall of the Wall series, LHCMA box 5
Interview in Fall of the Wall series, LHCMA box 5
7
Cold War series, LHCMA box 6
Cold War series, LHCMA box 6
9
Order MfS, ZAIG, Nr 45⅛9 quoted in ‘
Ich Liebe euch doch alle . . .’ Befehle und Lageberichte des Mfs
, pp. 372-5
Order MfS, ZAIG, Nr 45⅛9 quoted in ‘
Ich Liebe euch doch alle . . .’ Befehle und Lageberichte des Mfs
, pp. 372-5
10
In conversation with the author, Berlin, November 2007
In conversation with the author, Berlin, November 2007
11
Fall of the Wall series, LHCMA box 7
Fall of the Wall series, LHCMA box 7
12
In conversation with the author, Berlin, November 2007
In conversation with the author, Berlin, November 2007
13
Fall of the Wall series, LHCMA box 9
Fall of the Wall series, LHCMA box 9
14
Maier, p. 157
Maier, p. 157
16
Chernyaev diary, October 1989
Chernyaev diary, October 1989
17
Potzl, pp. 323-6
Potzl, pp. 323-6
FORTY-FOUR: PEOPLE POWER
1
Cold War series, LHCMA box 9
Cold War series, LHCMA box 9
2
See Potzl, pp. 310-12
See Potzl, pp. 310-12
4
Cold War files at USNSA and BA SPMO, Krenz’s officeIV2/2.039/79
Cold War files at USNSA and BA SPMO, Krenz’s officeIV2/2.039/79
6
BA SPMO, DY30/JIV2/SA/3225 and, for Gorbachev’s private comments, Chernyaev diary
BA SPMO, DY30/JIV2/SA/3225 and, for Gorbachev’s private comments, Chernyaev diary
9
Fall of the Wall series, LHCMA box 4
Fall of the Wall series, LHCMA box 4
10
Wolf and McElvoy, p. 210
Wolf and McElvoy, p. 210
FORTY-FIVE: THE WALL COMES TUMBLING DOWN
2
Krenz, pp. 130-34, and interview in the Fall of the Wall series, LHCMA box 6
Krenz, pp. 130-34, and interview in the Fall of the Wall series, LHCMA box 6
3
Schabowski interview, Fall of the Wall series, LHCMA box 5
Schabowski interview, Fall of the Wall series, LHCMA box 5
4
A full transcript of the press conference is available from CWIHP
A full transcript of the press conference is available from CWIHP
5
From several journalists present, and as recorded in the USNSA Cold War files
From several journalists present, and as recorded in the USNSA Cold War files
6
Cold War series, LHCMA box 6
Cold War series, LHCMA box 6
7
In conversation with the author, January 2008
In conversation with the author, January 2008
8
Cold War series, LHCMA box 7
Cold War series, LHCMA box 7
9
In conversation with the author, January 2008
In conversation with the author, January 2008
11
Ambassador Kochemasov interview in
Moscow News
, 29 November 1992 and Igor Maksimichev in
Nezavisimaya Gazeta
, 10-11 November 1993
Ambassador Kochemasov interview in
Moscow News
, 29 November 1992 and Igor Maksimichev in
Nezavisimaya Gazeta
, 10-11 November 1993
12
GF, telegrams to Helmut Kohl
GF, telegrams to Helmut Kohl
13
Beschloss and Talbott, pp. 257-61
Beschloss and Talbott, pp. 257-61
15
USNSA , End of the Cold War file
USNSA , End of the Cold War file
FORTY-SIX: THE COUP
1
Author in conversation with Krassen Stanchev, Sofia, October 2007.
Author in conversation with Krassen Stanchev, Sofia, October 2007.
2
Pryce-Jones, p. 325, and author in conversation with Lukanov, Sofia, April 1991, and with Rumen Danov, Sofia, October 2007
Pryce-Jones, p. 325, and author in conversation with Lukanov, Sofia, April 1991, and with Rumen Danov, Sofia, October 2007
4
Archive of the Bulgarian Parliament, Communist Party Central Committee, October 1989 file, Sofia
Archive of the Bulgarian Parliament, Communist Party Central Committee, October 1989 file, Sofia
5
Lukanov, in conversation with the author, Sofia, April 1991
Lukanov, in conversation with the author, Sofia, April 1991
6
Pryce-Jones, pp. 325-30, and author in conversation with Lukanov
Pryce-Jones, pp. 325-30, and author in conversation with Lukanov
7
Author in conversation with Stefan Fratrov, Sofia, November 1989, and with Ionni Pojarleff, Sofia, October 2007
Author in conversation with Stefan Fratrov, Sofia, November 1989, and with Ionni Pojarleff, Sofia, October 2007
FORTY-SEVEN: THE VELVET REVOLUTION
2
Czech Interior Ministry archive, Documents of Defence Mobilisation Measures, OV-00174/S-89 and at CWIHP
Czech Interior Ministry archive, Documents of Defence Mobilisation Measures, OV-00174/S-89 and at CWIHP
3
All in conversation with the author, Prague, December 1989
All in conversation with the author, Prague, December 1989
4
In conversation with the author, Prague, August 2007
In conversation with the author, Prague, August 2007
5
The commission of inquiry report into the demonstration is in the Czech National Archives, Prague. Accounts of the ‘conspiracy’ in BBC Radio 4’s
Pushing Back the Curtain
series, and Simpson,
The Darkness Crumbles
.
The commission of inquiry report into the demonstration is in the Czech National Archives, Prague. Accounts of the ‘conspiracy’ in BBC Radio 4’s
Pushing Back the Curtain
series, and Simpson,
The Darkness Crumbles
.
7
USNSA, End of the Cold War file
USNSA, End of the Cold War file
8
Soukup in conversation with the author, Prague, August 2007
Soukup in conversation with the author, Prague, August 2007
9
Kocáb in conversation with the author, Prague, August 2007
Kocáb in conversation with the author, Prague, August 2007
10
Fojtík, as told to Jacques Rupnik in conversation with author, Prague, August 2007
Fojtík, as told to Jacques Rupnik in conversation with author, Prague, August 2007
11
Pryce-Jones, pp. 323-30
Pryce-Jones, pp. 323-30
12
In conversation with the author, Prague, August 2007
In conversation with the author, Prague, August 2007
13
BBC World Service report, 24 November 1989
BBC World Service report, 24 November 1989
14
In conversation with the author, August 2007
In conversation with the author, August 2007
FORTY-EIGHT: THE MOMENT OF WEAKNESS
2
Background on László Tökés, see Tökés,
With God, for the People
(Crossways Books, New York, 1992); Petru Dugulescu,
Ei mi-au, programat moartea
(Ecclesia, Timisoara, 1991); Marius Mioc,
The Anticommunist Romanian Revolution of 1989
(Editura Marineasa, Timisoara, 2002) and Siani-Davies,
The Romanian Revolution of December 1989
Background on László Tökés, see Tökés,
With God, for the People
(Crossways Books, New York, 1992); Petru Dugulescu,
Ei mi-au, programat moartea
(Ecclesia, Timisoara, 1991); Marius Mioc,
The Anticommunist Romanian Revolution of 1989
(Editura Marineasa, Timisoara, 2002) and Siani-Davies,
The Romanian Revolution of December 1989
3
Lászlo Tökés, pp. 148-57
Lászlo Tökés, pp. 148-57
4
The transcript of some of the meeting was published by
Romania Libera
, 1 February 1990. The full transcript is at the National Central Historical Archive, Bucharest, 70/89.2.33.
The transcript of some of the meeting was published by
Romania Libera
, 1 February 1990. The full transcript is at the National Central Historical Archive, Bucharest, 70/89.2.33.
5
In conversation with the author, Bucharest, October 2007
In conversation with the author, Bucharest, October 2007
6
Author’s conversations with participants Gheorghe Peletrescu, Andrei Oisteanu, Bucharest, December 1989. Accounts by Pavel Câmpeanu, Marius Mioc and the
Romania Libera
journalist Romulus Cristea. Simpson,
The Darkness Crumbles
, pp. 302-10. Ruxandra Cesereanu,
December 1989, Deconstructia unei revolutii
(Polirom, Iasi, 2004) pp 98-103
Author’s conversations with participants Gheorghe Peletrescu, Andrei Oisteanu, Bucharest, December 1989. Accounts by Pavel Câmpeanu, Marius Mioc and the
Romania Libera
journalist Romulus Cristea. Simpson,
The Darkness Crumbles
, pp. 302-10. Ruxandra Cesereanu,
December 1989, Deconstructia unei revolutii
(Polirom, Iasi, 2004) pp 98-103
8
Victor Stanculescu, ‘Nu V Fie Mil, au 2 miliarde lei in cont’,
Jurnalul National
, Bucharest, 22 November 1990
Victor Stanculescu, ‘Nu V Fie Mil, au 2 miliarde lei in cont’,
Jurnalul National
, Bucharest, 22 November 1990
9
In conversation with the author, Bucharest, October 2007
In conversation with the author, Bucharest, October 2007
13
Dinescu at press conference in radio station, 26 December 1989, and in Cold War series, LHCMA box 13, and Caramitru quoted in Pryce-Jones, p. 284
Dinescu at press conference in radio station, 26 December 1989, and in Cold War series, LHCMA box 13, and Caramitru quoted in Pryce-Jones, p. 284
14
Radio Free Europe interview, 31 December 1989, and Ion Iliescu,
Revolutia Traita
(Redactia, Bucharest, 1995), p. 96
Radio Free Europe interview, 31 December 1989, and Ion Iliescu,
Revolutia Traita
(Redactia, Bucharest, 1995), p. 96
18
Brucan in conversation with the author; Stanculescu, ‘Nu V Fie Mil’; Militaru, BBC interview with John Simpson, 12 January 1990
Brucan in conversation with the author; Stanculescu, ‘Nu V Fie Mil’; Militaru, BBC interview with John Simpson, 12 January 1990
19
Brucan as quoted in Siani-Davies,
Romanian Revolution
, p. 286, and in S. Brucan
The Wasted Generation: Memoirs of the Romanian Journey from Capitalism to Socialism and Back
(Westview, New York, 1993), pp. 293-6
Brucan as quoted in Siani-Davies,
Romanian Revolution
, p. 286, and in S. Brucan
The Wasted Generation: Memoirs of the Romanian Journey from Capitalism to Socialism and Back
(Westview, New York, 1993), pp. 293-6
20
GF, Falin reports on Romania.
GF, Falin reports on Romania.
21
APRF Diplomatiecheski vestnik 1995-91, Moscow, pp. 74-9, doc 149
APRF Diplomatiecheski vestnik 1995-91, Moscow, pp. 74-9, doc 149
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