Roosevelt (120 page)

Toward the Underbelly?
Roosevelt’s trip to Casablanca: Sherwood, pp. 671-674; Roosevelt to Eleanor Roosevelt, Jan. 13, 1943, PL, p. 1393; Elliott Roosevelt, p. 75; Reilly, chap. 14. Roosevelt at Casablanca: Elliott Roosevelt, p. 66; PL, pp. 1393-1394; Reilly, pp. 149-151; and works cited below. Military conferences at Casablanca: Matloff, pp. 19-36; King and Whitehall, pp. 416-417; Bryant
²
, p. 446. Churchill’s instructions to the British military chiefs: Bryant
²
, p. 445. Roosevelt-Churchill conferences: Sherwood, pp. 674-675; Churchill
⁴
, p. 676; Eisenhower, p. 163; Bryant
²
, pp. 454, 458-459 Eisenhower’s appointment: Sherwood, pp. 677-678; Bryant
²
, pp. 454-455; Ismay, pp. 288-289.

French politics and personalities at Casablanca: Sherwood, pp. 675-686; Churchill
⁴
, pp. 680-682; Macmillan, pp. 255-256; de Gaulle, chap. 3; Eden, p. 363. Roosevelt’s conference with de Gaulle: Reilly, pp. 157-158; Sherwood, p. 685. Roosevelt’s and Churchill’s personal feeling about de Gaulle: Churchill
⁴
, p. 682. Roosevelt and Giraud’s documents: Arthur Layton Funk, “The ‘Anfa’ Memorandum: An Incident of the Casablanca Conference,”
Journal of Modern History,
No. 3, September 1954, pp. 246-254, and documents cited therein; see also Macmillan, pp. 256-260; Stimson Diary, Feb. 3, 1943. Roosevelt’s seeming lightheartedness at Casablanca: Macmillan, p. 259; Murphy, p. 165; Eisenhower, p. 161; Elliott Roosevelt, chap. 4; Stimson Diary, Feb. 3, 1943. President’s trip to Rabat: Elliott Roosevelt, pp. 105-107; PPA, 1943, pp. 45-47, 61-62; Reilly, p. 160; PPA, 1943, pp. 57-58. Roosevelt’s dinner party for the Sultan: Murphy, pp. 172-173; Macmillan, pp. 250-251; Elliott Roosevelt, pp. 109-112. “Reconciliation” of Giraud and de Gaulle: Macmillan, p. 253; Moran, p. 89; PPA, 1943, p. 84; Sherwood, pp. 693-694; these accounts differ in minor details. Announcement of unconditional surrender: PPA, 1943, p. 39; Sherwood, p. 696; Churchill
⁴
, pp. 686-687; see also Macmillan, pp. 263-264; Ismay, p. 290; cf. Deborin, pp. 296-297. Early staff work on unconditional surrender: Department of State,
Postwar Foreign Policy Preparation,
Dept. of State Publication 3580, General Foreign Policy Series 15, 1950, p. 127. Roosevelt’s and Churchill’s trip to Marrakesh: Churchill
⁴
, pp. 694-695; Moran, p. 90.

The First Kill.
Roosevelt’s return trip to the United States: PC 876, Feb. 2, 1943; PPA, 1943, pp. 55-62; Roosevelt to Eleanor Roosevelt, Jan. 29, 1943, PL, p. 1395. Roosevelt-Churchill message to Stalin:
Correspondence
²
, pp. 51-52 (message received Jan. 27, 1943). Stalin’s reception of message: Feis
³
, p. 114; William H. Standley and Arthur A. Ageton,
Admiral Ambassador to Russia
(Chicago: Regnery, 1955), p. 327. Further exchanges:
Correspondence
²
, pp. 54-55, 55-56, 56-57. Battle of Tunisia: Howe, chaps. 20-24; Churchill
⁴
, p. 764. American defeat: Martin Blumenson,
Kasserine Pass
(Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1967). Further Stalin-Roosevelt-Churchill exchanges:
Correspondence
¹
, pp. 99-102, 105-106;
Correspondence
²
, pp. 58-59.

Roosevelt to Churchill on informing Stalin about suspension of convoys: Churchill
⁴
, pp. 752-753. Churchill to Stalin:
Correspondence
¹
, pp.
110-111. Stalin’s answer:
Correspondence
¹
, p. 112. Linking of Eighth Army and American troops: Churchill
⁴
, p. 771. Shift of II Corps north: Eisenhower, p. 177; Howe, Pt. 6. Churchill on results of Tunisia: Churchill
⁴
, p. 780; on “scrunch and punch”: Nicolson, p. 291. Hitler on his African strategy: quoted in Warlimont, p. 314. Stalin’s congratulations on Tunisia: Stalin to Churchill, April 12, 1943,
Correspondence
¹
, p. 117; Stalin to Roosevelt, May 8, 1943,
Correspondence
²
, p. 64.

William Allen White on Roosevelt: quoted from Emporia
Gazette
in
Time,
Feb. 22, 1943, p. 53; March 8, 1943, p. 12. Vandenberg on White House-Congress liaison: Vandenberg, p. 33.

Emergency Management.
Establishment of Office for Emergency Management: PPA, 1940, pp. 624-625. War production:
The United States at War,
chaps. 5-7; Clapper Papers, Cont. 23, Dec. 31, 1942, LC; PPA, 1943, p. 26; Roosevelt to Beaverbrook, March 24, 1943, PL, p. 1416; Baruch to Roosevelt, PPF 88, May 10, 1943; see also
Industrial Mobilization for War,
pp. 604-608. Manpower:
The United States at War,
pp. 431-432; Harold Smith memoranda, Nov. 23, 1942, Dec. 4, 1942, and Roosevelt to Smith, Nov. 19, 1942, Smith Diary, FDRL; Hassett, p. 160. Labor developments: Roosevelt to Mackenzie King, Nov. 1, 1943, PL, p. 1462. John L. Lewis: Saul Alinsky,
John L. Lewis
(Putnam, 1949); James A. Wechsler,
Labor Baron
(Morrow, 1944). Roosevelt’s response: Byrnes, p. 180; Rosenman, p. 380; PPA, 1943, pp. 190-197; extensive material in OF 407-B, Box 29; see especially Ickes to Roosevelt, July 9, 1943, July 17, 1943; Roosevelt to Ickes, July 11, 1943; Biddle to Roosevelt, July 11, 1943. Attitudes of coal miners: Cantril to Lubin, “How the Miners Feel,” March 21, 1943; Cantril Notebook II. Byrnes’s birthday celebration: Byrnes, p. 181.
Stars and Stripes
editorial: Kirk to Hull, June 16, 1943, with text, OF 407-B. Drafting of miners: Roosevelt to Stimson
et al.,
June 21, 1943, Stimson Diary; Roosevelt to Davis, Nov. 8, 1943, and earlier draft proposals by Byrnes, OF 407-B. Railroad labor troubles: OF 407-B and OF 4451; see, especially, Leiserson to Roosevelt, June 29, 1943, Oct. 13, 1943; Vinson to Roosevelt, July 5, 1943, Dec. 20, 1943; Byrnes to Roosevelt, Oct. 21, 1943; see also Byrnes, pp. 198-202. Marshall’s threat to resign: Byrnes, p. 201; his biographer, Forrest Pogue, is dubious about this report.

Senate subcommittee report on production: Senate Committee on Military Affairs, “Report of Subcommittee on War Mobilization,” 78th Congress, 1st Session, May 13, 1943. Baruch’s near-appointment: Baruch, pp. 314, 318; Byrnes, p. 174; Sherwood, p. 700; Rosenman to Roosevelt, May 24, 1943, PSF, Rosenman; Stimson Diary, Feb. 16, 1943, Feb. 22, 1943; Cox Diary, June 6, 1943, FDRL. Roosevelt’s veto of Bankhead bill, April 2, 1943: PPA, 1943, pp. 135-142; Byrnes, pp. 177-178. Jones-Wallace imbroglio: Byrnes, pp. 192-194;
The United States at War,
pp. 421-425; Smith to Roosevelt, Feb. 6, 1943, March 3, 1943, Smith Diary, FDRL; Cox to Hopkins, July 12, 1943, Cox Diary, FDRL. For the Jones and Wallace views respectively: Timmons, chap. 28; Lord, pp. 496-514; PC 890, April 9,
1943. Roosevelt ban on public disputes: PPA, 1943, pp. 299-300. 1942 plea: White House statement, Aug. 20, 1942, 111.018/114 1/2, SD. Roosevelt on administrative rivalry as technique: Perkins, pp. 380-387. Roosevelt on conflicting recommendations: Smith to Roosevelt, Nov. 8, 1943, quoting Roosevelt memorandum of Sept. 14, 1942, Smith Diary, FDRL.

The Technology of Violence.
This section was drafted by Douglas Rose and Stewart Burns in collaboration with the author. The warfare of machines: Baxter, p. 395. Patton on new weapons: Baxter, p. 236. Marshall on peacetime army: Marshall to Stimson, Stimson Papers, April 18, 1944. Hopkins as idea buffer: Washington
Post
“Parade Publications,” Oct. 31, 1943. Creation of NDRC: Baxter, pp. 14-16; Irvin Stewart,
Organizing Scientific Research for War
(Boston: Little, Brown, 1948), pp. 5-7. Civilian-military co-operation: Green, Thomson, and Roots, pp. 216-219, 226-232. Bush on incompatibility: Baxter, p. 12. Creation of OSRD: Baxter, pp. 124-135; Stewart, p. 36; Fulton to Roosevelt, July 1, 1941, PPF 7656; Hopkins to Roosevelt, Roosevelt to Coy, May 20, 1941; Coy to Roosevelt, June 13, 1941; Bush to Watson, July 10, 1941, OF 4482; Ickes to Roosevelt, Aug. 19, 1940, Feb. 7, 1941; Knudsen to Roosevelt, Feb. 18, 1941; Smith to Roosevelt, March 17, 1941; Ickes to Roosevelt, April 11, 1941, OF 2240. American-British scientific exchange: Baxter, pp. 119-123. OSRD operating methods: Stewart; Baxter, pp. 21, 129.

Bombing effectiveness: Stimson Diary, Dec. 13, 31, 1944; Stimson and Bundy, pp. 465-469. Reluctance to use the proximity fuse: Stimson Diary, Oct.-Nov.-Dec. 1944. Problems of weapons use: Green, Thomson, and Roots, pp. 512-515. Co-ordination of science and military: Baxter, pp. 28-32; Stewart, pp. 325-329. Stimson and radar: Stimson and Bundy, pp. 464-470; Baxter, pp. 136-157. Stewart on faith in instrument: Stewart, p. 328. Problems of man-instrument combination: Stewart, pp. 325-328; Green, Thomson, and Roots, pp. 515-517.

Roosevelt as Chief Executive.
Excerpts from Smith Diary are by dates indicated. More orthodox aspects of Roosevelt’s administrative record: Barry Dean Karl,
Executive Reorganization and Reform in the New Deal
(Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1963). Roosevelt’s assumption of different roles: Burns. For shrewd comments on Roosevelt as chief executive in the broadest, political sense, see Richard E. Neustadt,
Presidential Power
(Wiley, 1960), which also throws light on Roosevelt’s war leadership; see especially pp. 214-215.

Stimson on Roosevelt as administrator: Stimson Diary, Jan. 23, 1943, Feb. 3, 1943, March 28, 1943, May 4, 1943; Stimson to Burlingham, March 13’943 Stimson Papers, Box 400; Stimson to Horner, May 7, 1943, Stimson Papers, Box 401; see also (for Hull’s views) Blum
²
, pp. 241-242. Cox’s criticism: Cox to Lubin, Oct. 12, 1942, Cox Diary, FDRL. For a measured critique just after Pearl Harbor on the implications of the British and French war administrative experience for the United States, see Frankfurter to Roosevelt, Dec. 17, 1941, with enclosure, Freedman, pp. 628-632; see also Cox’s call for a war secretariat in diary item cited above.
Japan Times-Advertiser
comment on Roosevelt as chief executive: FCC recording, from Domei transmission in English, OWI, Oct. 1, 1942,
FDRL. Roosevelt on controlling the Treasury, etc.: Eccles, p. 336. Kennan’s visit to Washington: Kennan
¹
, pp. 145-161; memo on War Department meeting, Nov. 2, 1943, PSF, Portugal. Stettinius to Roosevelt, Nov. 8, 1943, PSF, Portugal; for different perspectives, see Hull, pp. 1335-1344; Stimson Diary, Nov. 2, 1943, Nov. 9, 1943. Roosevelt’s reluctance to make military manpower or spending commitments more than a year ahead: Roosevelt to Smith, June 8, 1942; Roosevelt to Marshall, June 10, 1942; Roosevelt to Stimson and Marshall, Aug. 11, 1942, Smith Diary, FDRL; PSF, War Department Folder. Harold Smith on budgeting and planning: Smith Diary, Aug. 31, 1943, pp. 6-7, FDRL. “Layering” and the Office of War Mobilization: Somers. Roosevelt hating to fire: Smith Diary, Sept. 26, 1941, FDRL; Flynn, p. 226. Gulick observations: Luther Gulick, “War Organization of the Federal Government,”
American Political Science Review,
Dec. 1944, pp. 1166-1179.

The main records of the building of the Thomas Jefferson Memorial: OF 1505. See Roosevelt to Daniel C. Roper, Dec. 27, 1937, OF 1505, Box 1; see also PPF 5319 and OF 4077 for Roosevelt’s intense personal interest in the planning and building of the memorial. Roosevelt and the cherry-tree ladies: Hassett, p. 19. Moore speech: NYT, April 14, 1943, p. 16. Roosevelt’s warning against silk hats: RB to Watson, March 24, 1943, OF 1505, Box 2. His address, April 13, 1943: PPA, 1943, pp. 162-164; Edith Helm Papers, Cont. 9, 1943, LC.

“A World Forged Anew.”
Roosevelt on the presidency as a place of moral leadership: NYT, Nov. 13, 1932, VIII, p. 1. Wallace on the century of the common man: Lord, pp. 492, 494-496. Willkie: quotations from Willkie, pp. 178, 178-179. Other views: roundups in
PM,
Dec. 11, 1942, Jan. 5, Jan. 11, 1943, March 16, March 31, 1943, April 14, 1943. Development of Roosevelt’s views on world security and organization: Range; PPA, 1943, pp. 5, 30, 87; Roosevelt to Norris, Sept. 21, 1943, PL, pp. 1446-1447; Burns, pp. 318-319, 523-524; Clapper Papers, Cont. 23, interview with Hopkins, Feb. 11, 1943, LC; Robert A. Divine,
The Illusion of Neutrality
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1962). Administration views: Clapper Papers, Cont. 23, interview with Welles, Nov. 19, 1942; interview with Hull, Nov. 23, 1942, LC; Vandenberg, p. 43 (April 7, 1943 diary notation); see also Burns, chaps. 4, 7, 13, 19, and
passim.
Roosevelt on role of Big Four: PC 916, Sept. 7, 1943; PPA, 1943, p. 376. Roosevelt on concrete postwar arrangements: Roosevelt to Hull, April 9, 1943, 800.50/626, CF, SD Files, NA; see, generally, Kolko, chap. 11. Straight’s book: Michael Straight,
Make This the Last War
(Harcourt, Brace, 1943). Vandenberg’s views: Vandenberg, pp. 39, 43, 45, 47-48, 50. Hopkins on Roosevelt’s caution: Clapper interview with Hopkins, Feb. 11, 1943, Clapper Papers, LC.

State of the Union address, Jan. 7, 1943: PPA, 1943, pp. 30-31. Beveridge plan: William Beveridge,
Social Insurance and Allied Services
(Macmillan, 1942); for a contemporary report, see Richard Lee Strout, “The Beveridge Report,”
The New Republic,
Dec. 14, 1942, pp. 784-786.
Roosevelt on the “Roosevelt plan”: Perkins, p. 283. Popular attitudes toward expanded Social Security: Cantril Notebook. II, pp. 64-73. GI Bill of Rights: PPA, 1943, pp. 449-453. Rider ending Roosevelt’s authority to limit salaries: PPA, 1943, pp. 157-160. Tax situation generally: Paul, pp. 144-145. Roosevelt on tax forgiveness, May 17, 1943: PPA, 1943, pp. 209-210. Congressional action: Young, pp. 130-136. Morgenthau and Roosevelt on tax struggle: Blum
²
, pp. 64-70; Paul, pp. 145-147. Roosevelt on the administration as one big family: Blum
²
, p. 68. Roosevelt on medical insurance: Blum
²
, p. 72.

The Broken Pledge.
Roosevelt to Churchill on talks with Eden: FRUS, 1943, Vol. III, pp. 1-3. Hull’s return to Washington: Hull, p. 1213. Roosevelt on postponing discussion of immediate postwar arrangements: Clapper Papers, Cont. 23, Feb. 11, 1943, LC. Roosevelt on announcement of his discussions with Eden: FRUS, 1943, Vol. III, p. 5. Roosevelt-Eden discussions: FRUS, 1943, Vol. III, especially pp. 13-18, 25-26, 35, 36, 39; Eden, pp. 373, 377; Sherwood, pp. 707-720. Roosevelt on results of discussions: Churchill
⁴
, p. 738; PC 888, March 30, 1943; PPA, 1943, pp. 133-134. Eden on Roosevelt as conjuror: Eden, pp. 373-374. Questions about Stalin’s postwar plans: FRUS, 1943, Vol. III; Eden, p. 373. Davies mission to Moscow: Davies Papers, Box 13, LC. Roosevelt’s invitation to Stalin:
Correspondence
²
, pp. 63-64. Journey of Churchill and party to the United States: Ismay, p. 294; Churchill
⁴
, p. 788. U.S. Joint Chiefs’ preparation: Stimson Diary, May 12, 1943; Matloff, p. 69. The Washington discussions in May are well covered in Stimson Diary, May 1943; Churchill
⁴
; Sherwood; Brooke; Ismay; see Ismay, pp. 296-298, for an excellent summary of the British and American approaches.