Rubicon: The Triumph and Tragedy of the Roman Republic (62 page)

Geneva,
241

German peoples,
241
,
244
,
247
,
273
–
4

gladiators,
196
,
198
,
295
; revolt,
143
,
144
–
50
; schools,
143
,
144
,
290

Goddess, Good: rites,
211
–
12
; shrine,
290

gods,
18

Gracchus, Gaius,
28
–
30
,
40

Gracchus, Tiberius,
28
–
30
,
38
,
166

graffiti,
14
,
28

grain,
48
,
131
,
254

Greece: cities
xix
,
4
,
12
; Mark Antony in,
369
–
70
; medicine,
112
; Pompey in,
314
; Roman incursions into,
9
–
10
,
35
,
36
–
7
; and Sicily,
7
; traces of heritage in Italy,
48
; trade in art from,
133
;
see also
Athens

Greeks: in Asia,
44
,
46
,
164
; attitudes to age,
104
; and freedom,
xix
,
xx
,
36
; philosophers,
78
,
83
,
271
; and prophecies,
33
,
367
; seen as extravagant,
16

Greenland,
43

Hannibal,
7
–
8
,
11
,
102
,
105
,
201
,
242
,
307

Helvetians,
241
–
4

Herculaneum,
53

Hercules,
117

Hirtius, Aulus,
354
,
356
,
358

Hitler, Adolf,
xx

Hobbes, Thomas,
xx

Homer,
36
,
176

Horace (Quintus Horatius Flaccus),
384
–
5

Hortensius Hortalus, Quintus: affectations,
127
; and Clodius’ prosecution,
216
; loses supremacy as orator to Cicero,
127
,
129
,
131
,
132
,
133
–
4
; and pisciculture,
188
; retirement,
189
,
190
,
194
; and Sullan faction,
137
,
156
,
174
; supports Cicero,
239
; death,
303

houses: of aristocracy,
115
,
116
;
see
also
villas

Hybrida, Antonius,
203
,
209
,
210
,
234
,
235

Ides of March,
345
–
6

Illyricum,
228

incest,
192
–
3
,
327

India,
366

infantry,
93

insulae see
apartment blocks

Italian states: citizenship rights,
56
–
7
,
58
,
68
,
94
; and early Roman expansion,
6
; and military service,
54
; rebellions,
53
–
9
; unrest after Philippi,
364
–
5
;
see also
Campania

Janiculum Hill,
94

Jason of Tralles,
269

Jefferson, Thomas,
xx

Jerusalem,
182
; Temple
182
,
267

Jews,
332
,
333
,
348
,
367

Judaea,
42
,
182

Julia (Caesar’s daughter, Pompey’s wife),
230
,
250
,
251
,
263
,
287
–
8

Julia Major (Caesar’s sister)
113

Julia Minor (Caesar’s sister)
113

Julian clan,
23
,
63
,
110
,
116
,
117

Juno, sacred geese of,
242

Jupiter,
72
,
84
; priesthood of,
117
,
119
;
see also
temple of Jupiter

kings,
1
–
2
,
84
,
93
,
314
,
344
–
5
,
348

land bill,
226
–
7

Lares,
18

law,
125
–
35

legions,
see
army

leisure,
see
dice; games; resorts

Lepidus, Marcus,
316
,
346
,
347
,
359
; and second triumvirate,
360
–
63
,
364
,
366
,
370

Lesbos,
120

liberty,
xxi
,
2
,
8
,
24
,
36
,
76
,
147

lictors,
64
,
88
,
102
,
176
,
345

lions,
284
,
285

Lucca,
260
,
272

Lucrine Lake,
48
,
61
,
365

Lucullus, Lucius: background and character,
157
; and Caesar,
229
; campaign against Tigranes,
162
–
3
,
164
; marriage to Clodia,
158
,
192
; and Clodius,
167
,
168
,
192
,
215
,
217
; campaign against Mithridates,
159
–
63
,
164
; clemency,
163
–
4
; mutiny of army
167
–
8
,
176
–
7
; and Parthia,
267
; and pirates,
171
; and Servilia,
197
; and Sullan faction,
157
,
158
; tribunes and,
174
; loss of command,
176
–
7
; remarries,
195
; return to Rome and lavish lifestyle,
184
–
6
,
188
–
9
,
190
–
91
,
194
; and Syria,
181
; triumph,
184
–
5
,
215

Macedon,
9
–
10
,
12
,
78
,
79
,
210
,
234
,
362
–
3

Machiavelli, Niccolò,
xxii

magistracies: and census,
96
; deciphering of prophecies,
3
–
4
,
8
; electorate,
21
; eligibility for,
27
,
93
,
103
; immunity,
125
; multiple terms of office ridiculed,
220
; new posts created after civil unrest
5
; plebeians and,
26
;
see also
elections;
and individual offices

malaria,
13

Marcellus, Gaius,
304

Marcius Rex,
168

Marians,
89
,
110
,
118
,
133
,
141
,
156

Marius, Gaius: and army recruitment
166
; background,
56
,
124
,
127
; Caesar’s links with,
110
,
117
,
118
,
311
; character,
56
,
61
–
2
,
66
,
121
,
126
; Crassus’ family and
89
–
90
; defeats barbarian invasion,
243
–
4
; desire for command against Mithridates leads to conflict with Sulla,
59
–
60
,
62
,
63
,
65
–
73
,
103
; exhumation of ashes,
98
; forced to flee Rome
73
–
4
; and Italian rebellion,
56
,
57
; restoration of trophies,
198
; returns to take Rome,
87
,
128
; seventh consulship, insanity and death
87
–
8
; sightings of ghost of,
308
; villa and status,
61
–
3
,
108
,
186

Marius (son of Gaius),
88
,
91
,
98
,
104

marriage,
114
,
118
,
288

Marseille,
292
,
298

Medina,
360

Metelli (family),
191
–
2

Clodia Metelli,
191
–
2
,
196
,
216
,
233
,
234
; and Caelius,
251
–
2
,
258
–
9
,
296

Metellus, Caecilius (tribune)
316

Metellus Celer, Quintus Caecilius,
191
–
2
,
222
,
228
–
9

Metellus Pius Scipio, Quintius Caecilius,
292
–
3
,
305
,
310
,
330
,
335
,
338

Metrobius (drag queen),
108

Milo, Titus Annius,
253
,
255
,
261
,
289
–
90
,
291
–
2
,
296
,
298

mining,
42
–
3

Mithras cult,
172

Mithridates, King of Pontus: Alexander the Great as model for,
180
; and Athens,
80
–
81
; background and character,
45
; death,
182
–
3
; gains control of cities in Asia,
45
–
7
,
59
,
367
–
8
; Lucullus’ campaign against,
157
,
159
–
62
,
164
–
5
,
168
; Marius’ and Sulla’s rivalry for command against,
59
–
60
,
65
,
66
,
68
,
74
; and Mithras cult,
172
; Pompey takes over campaign,
177
,
222
; and prophecies,
46
–
7
,
180
,
315
,
368
; rebuilds power,
120
,
156
; Roman wish to continue war with,
155
–
6
; son,
330
; Sulla’s treaty with,
82
–
3

Modena,
357

Molon,
131

motherhood,
113
–
14