Safe Food: The Politics of Food Safety (57 page)

31
. USDA/FSIS. Generic
E. coli
testing for sheep, goats, equine, ducks, geese, and guineas: proposed rule.
FR
62:59305–59310, November 3, 1997.

32
. Morganthau T.
E. coli
alert.
Newsweek
, September 1, 1997:26–32.

33
. Stout D. 5 million hamburger patties may be tainted, US warns.
NYT
, August 16, 1997:1,7. Janofsky M. 25 million pounds of beef is recalled.
NYT
, August 22, 1997:A1,A18.

34
. Belluck P. The tangled trail that led to a beef recall.
NYT
, August 24, 1997:1,24.

35
. Burger King. A letter to our customers about hamburgers, food safety and flame broiling.
NYT
, August 25, 1997:A11. Whelan EM. Safe meat: there is a better way (editorial).
WSJ
, August 26, 1997:16.

36
. Ingersoll B. Meat industry spurred to revise policies.
WSJ
, August 27, 1997:A3.

37
. Drew C. Search widens to find source of tainted beef.
NYT
, September 11, 1997. Belluck P. U.S. indicts producer of contaminated beef.
NYT
, December 17, 1998:A24. FSIS to review food recalls.
Nutrition Week
, April 8, 2002:1. USDA/FSIS. Recall Information at
www.fsis.usda.gov/FSIS_Recalls/index.asp
.

38
. Becker E. 19 million pounds of meat recalled after 19 fall ill.
NYT
, July 20, 2002:A1,A9. Winter G. Democrats say slow meat recall threatened consumers.
NYT
, July 27, 2002:A9. Burros M. Federal audit faults department’s meat and poultry inspection system.
NYT
, July 10, 2002:A15. GAO.
Meat and Poultry: Better USDA Oversight and Enforcement of Safety Rules Needed to Reduce Risk of Foodborne Illnesses
(GAO-02-292), August 2002.

39
. Leonard RE. Hudson Foods, Inc: a risk management disaster.
Nutrition Week
, August 29, 1997:4–5.

40
. Grey J. U.S. seeks new power to regulate meat safety.
NYT
, October 9, 1997:A28.

41
. Sugarman C. Building a safer burger.
Washington Post
, September 3, 1997:E1,E10

42
. Armstrong GL, Hollingsworth J, Morris JG. Emerging foodborne pathogens:
Escherichia coli
O157:H7 as a model of entry of a new pathogen into the
food supply of the developed world.
Epidemiologic Reviews
1996;18(1):29–51. Gansheroff LJ, O’Brien AD.
Escherichia coli
O157:H7 in beef cattle presented for slaughter in the U.S.: higher prevalence rates than previously estimated.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2000;97:2959–2961.

43
. USDA/FSIS. Beef products contaminated with
Escherichia coli
O157:H7.
FR
64:2803–2805, January 19, 1999.

44
. Beers A. FSIS expands
E. coli
O157:H7 adulteration policy.
FCN
, January 18, 1999:3,17,18.

45
. Glickman D. Letter to Rosemary Mucklow, executive director, National Meat Association, USDA, January 28, 1999. Copies of this letter circulated widely through electronic mail. See: Meat Industry Internet Newsservice. Glickman cancels speech after meat group’s comment, January 29, 1999. Online:
www.spcnet work.com/mii/1999/990176.htm
.

46
. USDA/FSIS. E. coli 0157:H7 contamination of beef products.
FR
67:62325–62334, October 7, 2002.

47
. Burros M. New U.S. standards for meat are snared in a court fight.
NYT
, December 4, 1999:A11. Ingersoll B. USDA is set to present new evidence Supreme Beef failed to meet standards.
WSJ
, December 10, 1999:A6.

48
. Meat trade groups support Supreme Beef in lawsuit.
Food Regulation Weekly
, January 10, 2000:8–9. Burros M. Judge gives meat plant a reprieve from closing.
NYT
, December 11, 1999:A12.

49
. Burros M. Ground beef is recalled for
E. coli. NYT
, December 26, 1999:A14.

50
. A threat to meat inspection (editorial).
NYT
, May 26, 2000:A18.

51
. Supreme Beef refuses USDA request to halt production.
Food Regulation Weekly
, June 19, 2000:12–13.

52
. Beers A. Supreme Beef prepares to battle USDA in court over performance standards.
FCN
, November 27, 2000:3–4. USDA takes aim at Supreme Beef in latest round.
FCN
, March 19, 2001:18–19.

53
.
Supreme Beef Processors, Inc
. v.
USDA
, 275 F. 3d432 (5th Cir. 2001).

54
. Murphy D. Commentary: Salmonella Ruling—Can USDA’s Loss Be Turned into Industry’s Gain?
Meat Marketing & Technology
, December 14, 2001. Online:
www.meatingplace.com
(but no longer available).

55
. A threat to meat inspection (editorial).
NYT
, December 26, 2001: A28.

56
. Murano E. Ensuring meat safety (letter).
NYT
, January 2, 2002:A14. Ms. Murano was USDA undersecretary for food safety.

57
. Movement on meat safety (editorial).
NYT
, February 9, 2002:A18.

58
. Beers A. USDA won’t appeal Supreme ruling, may seek regulatory changes.
FCN
, February 18, 2002:1,24. More legal challenges to
Salmonella
standard?
FCN
, June 17, 2002:1,13.

59
. Bills seek to restore power for federal
Salmonella
tests.
NYT
, March 15, 2002:A12. Beers A. Harkin bill gets tougher on pathogen contamination.
FCN
, March 18, 2002:1,17,18.

60
. USDA/FSIS. HACCP-based meat and poultry inspection concepts.
FR
62:31553–31562, June 10, 1997. USDA/FSIS.
Backgrounder: HACCP-Based Inspection Models
, July 1998.

61
.
American Federation of Government Employees
v.
Glickman
, 215 F.3d 7 (D.C. Cir. 2000).

62
. HACCP appears to be in jeopardy as court rules against inspection system.
Nutrition Week
, July 7, 2000:1–2.

63
.
American Federation of Government Employees
v.
Glickman
, 127 F. Supp. 2d 243 (D.D.C. 2001). Beers A. Union once again appeals HIMP ruling.
FCN
, February 19, 2001:4.

64
. GAO.
Food Safety: Weaknesses in Meat and Poultry Inspection Pilot Should Be Addressed before Implementation
(GAO-02-59), December 2001. Quotations: 5,33–34.

65
. USDA/FSIS.
An Overview of the HACCP-Based Inspection Models Project
(backgrounder), January 2002.

66
. Beers A. Appeals court sides with USDA on HIMP—for now.
FCN
, April 8, 2002:1,13,14. Beers A. New HIMP data shows previously unrevealed problems.
FCN
, June 10, 2002:1,20,21.

67
. Schlosser E.
Fast Food Nation
. New York: Houghton Mifflin, 2001.

68
. The
West County Times
(Contra Costa, CA) tracked this story: Lyons C, Holbrook D. Three killed at sausage factory. (June 22, 2000:A1,A16). Marshall S, Jokelson A, Holbrook D, et al. State says plant is unlicensed. (June 23, 2000:A1,A16.) A grand jury indicted Mr. Alexander for murder in September 2000. He was tried, given a death sentence, but died in prison in 2005.

69
. Anderson B. Beefed-up authority eyed for state inspectors.
West County Times
, June 30, 2000:A4. Association of Technical and Supervisory Professionals calls for Billy’s resignation.
FCN
, July 31, 2000:4–5. USDA officials call for end to workplace violence.
The Food Safety Educator
(USDA/FSIS) 2000;5(3):2.

70
. Hazelkorn B. Inspector abuse: how bad is it? MeatNews.com No. 381, July 19, 2000. Eye for an eye: abusive inspectors (No 477, October 11, 2000). Why we can’t just get along (No. 510, November 8, 2000). It’s all about communication (No. 740, January 30, 2001). Online:
www.meatnews.com/index.cfm?fuseaction=Article&artNum=381
(477, 510, 740). No longer available.

71
. Beers A. Number of reported workplace violence incidents increasing, USDA data shows.
FCN
, May 20, 2002:22–23. USDA expands scope of workplace violence directive.
FCN
, June 24, 2002:28–29.

72
. Milbank Memorial Fund.
Conflict and Violence in the Food Safety Workplace: A Report on Meetings
, September 2000, at
www.milbank.org/0107
foodsafety.html.

1
. USDA.
U.S. Imports of Agricultural, Fish, and Forestry Products, All Countries, 2000
, at
www.fao.org/docrep/008/y7867e/y7867e00.htm
. Friedland WH. The new globalization: the case of fresh produce. In: Bonnano A, Busch L, Friedland, WH, et al., eds.
From Columbus to ConAgra: The Globalization of Agriculture and Food
. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1994:210–231.

2
. GAO.
Food Safety: Federal Efforts to Ensure the Safety of Imported Foods Are Inconsistent and Unreliable
(GAO/RCED-98-103), April 1998. Wasik JF. How safe is your produce?
Consumers Digest
, September/October 1998:61–66.

3
. Chazan G. Moscow lets U.S. poultry back in.
NYT
, April 15, 2002:A13.

4
. GAO.
U.S. Agricultural Exports: Strong Growth Likely but U.S. Export Assistance Programs’ Contribution Uncertain
(GAO/NSIAD-97-260), September 1997.

5
. FAO and WHO.
Understanding the Codex Alimentarius
. Rome, 2006, at
ftp://ftp.fao.org/codex/Publications/understanding/Understanding_EN.pdf
.

6
. Avery N, Drake M, Lang T.
Cracking the Codex: An Analysis of Who Sets World Food Standards
. London: National Food Alliance, 1993.

7
. Gerth J, Weiner T. Imports swamp U.S. food-safety efforts.
NYT
, September 29, 1997:A1,A10.

8
. Daniels RW. Home food safety.
Food Technology
1998;52(2):54–56.

9
. DHHS.
Healthy People 2000: National Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Objectives
(conference edition), 1990:339–341. DHHS.
Promoting Health, Preventing Disease: Objectives for the Nation
, 1980:58.

10
. DHHS.
Healthy People 2010: Understanding and Improving Health
(conference edition, Vol. 1), 2000:10-1 to 10-17.

11
. Glickman D (USDA Secretary), Shalala D (DHHS Secretary). “Dear Colleague” letter on Partnership for Food Safety Education letterhead, September 1997.

12
. Mokhiber R, Weissman R.
Which way, CFA
? Focus on the Corporation, June 8, 2000, at
www.mail-archive.com/[email protected]/msg44112.html
.

13
. Partnership for Food Safety Education.
Fight BAC! A National Public Education Campaign to Reduce the Risk of Foodborne Illness
, 1998. Online:
www.fightbac.org
.

14
. USDA/FSIS.
Backgrounder: Food Safety Education: Making a Difference in Improving Public Health
, October 1998.

15
. American Dietetic Association and ConAgra Foundation.
Home Food Safety . . . It’s in Your Hands
. Chicago, IL, 2000.

16
. Barboza D. Meatpackers’ profits hinge on pool of immigrant labor.
NYT
, December 21, 2001:A26. Tyson Foods indicted in plan to smuggle illegal workers.
NYT
, December 20, 2001:A1,A32.

17
. Osterholm MT. No magic bullet: more inspectors is fine and dandy. But don’t kid yourself: government can’t “solve” the problem of food safety.
Newsweek
, September 1, 1997:33. At the time, Mr. Osterholm was chief of epidemiology, Minnesota Department of Health.

18
. Olson DG. Irradiation of food.
Food Technology
1998;52(1):56–62.
Radiation Pasteurization of Food
(Issue paper No. 7). Ames, IA: Council for Agricultural Science and Technology, April 1996. GAO.
Food Irradiation: Available Research Indicates That Benefits Outweigh Risks
(GAO/RCED-00-217), August 2000.

19
. Morrison RM. Food irradiation still faces hurdles.
FoodReview
1992;15(2):11–15.

20
. USDA. Fruits and vegetables from Hawaii: proposed rule.
FR
67:35932–35936, May 22, 2002.

21
. Meat industry pushes irradiation.
Illinois Agrinews
, November 21, 1997:C3. Grey J. U.S. seeks new power to regulate meat safety.
NYT
, October 9, 1997:A28.

22
. Whelan EM. Safe meat: there is a better way (editorial).
WSJ
, August 26, 1997:16.

23
. Produce Marketing Association. Fact Sheet: Irradiation. Newark, DE, November
1997. The association’s mission is to “create a favorable, responsible environment that advances the marketing” of fresh fruits, vegetables, and flowers sold by its 2,500 members. O’Connor T. FDA approves irradiation for beef.
Illinois Agrinews
, December 12, 1997:C3. Mr. O’Connor was executive vice president of the Illinois Beef Forum, a trade association for the state beef industry.

24
. Food and Drug Modernization Act of 1997, Public Law 105-115, 105th Congress, 1st Session, November 21, 1997, 111 Stat. 2296. Section 306: Disclosure of irradiation. Section 307: Irradiation petition.

25
. FDA. Irradiation in the production, processing, and handling of food.
FR
62:64107–64121, December 3, 1997. Kolata G. Irradiating red meat approved as a means to kill deadly germs.
NYT
, December 3, 1997:A1,A33.